Ukuvula Amandla Ka-Carbon: Ukungena okujulile ku-graphite kanye nezicelo zayo

Lo mbhalo uhlola umhlaba othokozisayo weikhabhoni, ukugxila ngqoi-graphite, into eguquguqukayo nebaluleke kakhulu kwizimboni eziningi. Sizokwelulela ezakhiweni, izindlela zokukhiqiza, kanye nezicelo ezahlukahlukene, ukuhlinzeka ngokuqonda okuphelele okwenza lokhu kube yinzuzo efundwe noma ngubani onesifiso sezinto zokwakha, ezokukhiqiza, noma indima ebalulekileikhabhoniEmhlabeni wethu wanamuhla. Kusuka kumalambu ensimbi kuya kumabhethri,i-graphiteIdlala ibalulekile, imvamisa, indima. Lokhu kuhlola kuzokhanyisa leyo ndima futhi kuchaze ukuthi kunganiikhabhoniNgendlela ye-graphite ibaluleke kakhulu.

Yini ngempela i-graphite? Ukwembulela ukwakheka kanye nezinhlobo zekhabhoni

I-Graphite ingukuvela ngokwemvelo, i-crystallineuhlobo lwekhabhoni. Ngomunye wabaningiIzinhlobo ezizinzile zekhabhoningaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Cabanga ngamehlo engqondoikhabhoniAma-athomu ahlelwe ethangeni le-hexagonal - lelo yibhulokhi yokwakha eyisisekelo ye-graphite. LeziikhabhoniAma-athomu akha amabhondi aqinile ngaphakathi kwamashidi acwebezelayo, aziwa njengezingqimba ze-graphene. Kodwa-ke, izibophongaphakathiLezi zingqimba zibuthakathaka kakhulu (van der Waals Bonds), zibavumela ukuba zishayele ukudlula kalula. Lesi sakhiwo esiyingqayizivele yilokho okunikeza umdwebo othamba lwayo lwezimpawu zalo kanye nezindawo zokuthambisa.

Le khasiokumbiwa phansiI-Graphite yaziwa ngekhono layo elihlukile lokwenza ukushisa nogesi. Futhi kumelana kakhulu namazinga okushisa aphezulu, okwenza kube lula ukuthola izicelo eziningi ezifunwayo zezimboni. Cabanga ngakho njengesitaki esihle kakhulu seikhabhoniAmashidi, lapho ishidi ngalinye liqine kakhulu, kepha isitaki ngokwaso sithambile futhi sishelelezi. Lesi simo esibonakala siphikisanayo siyisihluthulelo sokusebenza okuhlukahlukene kwe-graphite.

Ngabe i-graphite eyenziwe yenziwe kanjani? Ukuhlola inqubo yokukhiqiza

Zokwenziwa graphite, obeye aziwe njengoi-graphitial graphite, kukhiqizwa ngenqubo yokushisa okushisa kakhulu. Izinto zokugqoka ezivuthiwe, ngokujwayelekile u-petroleumcocke(ukuphrinta kokucwengwa kwamafutha) noma i-coal tar pitch, icebile ngaphakathiikhabhoni. Inqubo ifaka izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:

1. Ukuxuba:Le khasiikhabhoniIzinto zokusetshenziswa ezivuthiwe zihlanganiswa ne-binder, njenge-coal tar pitch. Lokhu kudala ingxubevange enobuhlakani.
2. Ukukhishwa noma ukubumba:Inhlanganisela ihlelwe ngayo, kungaba ngokukhipha ngokufa noma ngokubumba ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Lokhu kudala "luhlaza"i-graphiteimikhiqizo.
3. Ukubhaka:Imikhiqizo eluhlaza ibilikwa endaweni engenawo amazinga okushisa azungeze i-1000 ° C. Le nqubo isusa izakhi eziguquguqukayo futhi iqinise okuqukethwe.
4. Ukuhlunga:Isinyathelo esibalulekile! Imikhiqizo ephekiwe yavalwa phezulu kakhuluamazinga okushisa ngokweqileka-2700 ° C, imvamisa ifinyelela ku-3000 ° C. Lokhu kushisa okukhulu kubangelaikhabhoniama-athomu ukuze ahlele kabusha ku-oda, isakhiwo se-crystallinei-graphite.
5. Ukufakwa (kuyakhetheka): Kungenzeka ukwengeza i-resin ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokugcwalisa noma yiziphi izikhala ezisele.

Le nqubo yokushisa ephezulu iguqula ama-AmorphousikhabhoniEzintweni ezingavuthiwe zingene kakhulu,indristaliIsakhiwo sezokwenziwa graphite. Umphumela uba yinto enobumsulwa obuphakeme kanye nokuvumelana okuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezithile zeI-Graphite yemvelo.

I-Natural vs Synthetic Plasstetic: Uyini umehluko?

Ngenkathi bobabiliI-Graphite yemvelona-zokwenziwa graphitengokuyisisekeloikhabhoni, bahluke kakhulu endabeni yabo, esakhiweni nasezakhiweni zabo.I-Graphite yemvelokwenzeka ngokwemvelo emadwaleni e-metamorphic. Kwakheka ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka ngaphansi komlilo omkhulu nokucindezela okujulile ngaphakathi komoya womhlaba. Kukhona ezininganaIzinhlobonhlobo ze-Natural Crystalline Graphite, kufaka phakathiI-Crystalline Flake Praphite, i-amorphous graphite, ne-varinete evumayo.

Zokwenziwa graphite, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungumkhiqizo owenziwe. Kudalwe ngokwelashwa okushisa okuphezulu kweikhabhoni-Rich Preserron, njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla. Le nqubo elawulwa ivumela ukulawula okukhulu kwizakhiwo zomkhiqizo wokugcina, okuholela ekuhlanzeni okuphezulu nokusebenza okungaguquki. Nansi ithebula elifingqa umehluko osemqoka:

Yini impahla ebalulekile ye-graphite? Ukuqonda izici zayo ezihlukile

I-Graphite inenhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yezakhiwo ezenza zibaluleke kakhulu ezisetshenzisweni ezahlukahlukene. Lezi zakhiwo zivela esakhiweni sayo esihlukile sekristalu. Nazi ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu:

• Ukuvuselelwa okuphezulu okushisayo:I-Graphite iyisiqhubi esihle kakhulu sokushisa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungakudlulisela ngempumelelo ukushisa kude nomthombo, okwenza kube kuhle ngezicelo ezinjengezinkambo zokushisa kanye ne-turvibles.
• Ukusebenza Kagesi Okuphezulu:I-Graphite nayo ingumqhubi omuhle kagesi. Le mpahla ibalulekile ukuze isetshenziswe kuyoama-electrodes we-graphiteNgokwensimbi kanye nezinye izinhlelo ze-electrochemical.
• Ukugcona:Ukwakheka okuyisisekelo kwegrafite kuvumela izingqimba ukuthi zislayida kalula ngaphezulu komunye, zinikeze izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokuthambisa. Lokhu kwenza kube wusizo ezithayiyaneni namapensela owomile.
• Ukungena kwamakhemikhali:I-Graphite inatively i-indert kumakhemikhali amaningi, okusho ukuthi ayiphenduli kalula nezinye izinto. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezivuthanayo.
• Ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu:I-Graphite ingamelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu ngaphandle kokuncibilika noma ukuwohloka. I-STIBS (Transions ngqo kusuka ku-SOORD kuya kugesi) cishe ngo-3650 ° C. Lokhu kwenza kube yinto ebalulekile yokuphikisa kabusha.
• Izakhiwo zemishini: I-Graphite isetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokulinganisa ukuqina kwanoma iyiphi impahla.

LeziIzakhiwo zegrafuHlanganisa ukudala impahla enamandla, engasindi, engamelana nokushisa, ithwala ngogesi, futhi iqinile yamakhemikhali. Le nhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yingakho i-Graphite Thola isetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi ezahlukahlukene.

I-graphite isetshenziswa kanjani embonini yensimbi? Bheka ama-electrodes we-graphite

Enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-graphite zisemkhakheni wensimbi, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizweni kwensimbi kusetshenziswa izimfanelo ze-arc kagesi (EAFS). Kwi-EAFS,ama-electrodes we-graphitezisetshenziselwa ukwenza imisinga kagesi enkulu edingekayo ukuncibilika kwensimbi.

Leziama-electrodes we-graphitengokujwayelekile kwenziwazokwenziwa graphiteNgenxa yokuhlanzeka kwayo okuphezulu nezakhiwo ezingaguquki. Ama-electrodes kumele akwazi ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu, imisinga kagesi ejulile, kanye nemvelo yamakhemikhali anokhahlo ngaphakathi kwesithando somlilo. Le khasiukuqina kukagesina-impambaIzakhiwo zibalulekile, futhi ukumelana ne-oxidation kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ama-electrodes adliwe kancane kancane ngesikhathi senqubo yensimbi, ngakho-ke adinga ukushintshwa njalo. Izinga leI-Graphite ElectrodeNgokuqondile kunomthelela ekusebenzeni kahle kanye nokusebenza kwezindleko zenqubo yokwenza insimbi. Izici njengokumelana kagesi okuphansi, okuphezuluimpambaUkuvuselelwa, kanye nokuphikiswa okuhle kwe-oxidation kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle.

Ngaphandle kwensimbi: ukuhlola ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene zegrafu

Ngenkathi imboni yensimbi ingumthengi omkhulu we-graphite, izinhlelo zayo zanda kakhulu kwalokho. Nazi ezinye izindawo ezibalulekile lapho i-graphite idlala indima ebalulekile:

• Amabhethri:I-Graphite iyingxenye ebalulekile yamabhethri e-lithium-ion, anamandla konke kusuka kuma-Smartphones kuya ezimotweni zikagesi. Kwakha i-anode (i-electrode engemihle) yebhethri.
• Izithako:Izakhiwo zika-graphite zenze ilungele ukusetshenziswa ezithayijeni ezomile, ukugcotshwa namafutha. Kuwusizo ikakhulukazi ezisetshenziselwa ukushisa okuphezulu lapho ama-lubractory wendabuko ayezodilizwa.
• I-Refracties:Ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kwe-graphite kwenza kube yinto ebalulekile yokuphikisa kabusha, esetshenziswe kuma-linings wezinto zomlilo, ama-kilns, neminye imishini yokushisa ephezulu. Isetshenziswe njenge-refracturderokumbiwa phansi.
• Mpendulo yenuzi: Zokwenziwa graphiteisetshenziswa njengomengameli kwezinye izinhlobo zezahluko zenuzi. Inciphisa ama-neutrons, isiza ukulawula ukusabela kwe-nuclear chain.
• Amapensela:"Ukuhola" kumapensela empeleni kuyingxube ye-graphite nobumba. Ukuthambekela kwe-graphite kuvumela ukuthi kushiye uphawu ephepheni.
• OKUFANELEKILE: I-Graphite isetshenziselwa isikhunta, inikeze indawo ebushelelezi yokuqedwa kokusakazwa.
• I-EDM (ukukhishwa kukagesi kwemishini): Ama-electrodes we-graphitebaqashwa e-EDM ukumisa kahle izinsimbi ezinzima.

Lolu hlu luqokomisa ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo kwe-graphite. Kusuka kwipensela yansuku zonke kubuchwepheshe bokusika-onqenqemeni lwezimoto zikagesi, i-graphite idlala okubalulekile, okuvame ukufihlwa, indima.

I-Graphite vs. Diamond: into efanayo, imihlaba ehlukene

I-Graphite neDayimane zombili ze-allotropes zeikhabhoni, okusho ukuthi ziyizindlela ezahlukahlukene zento efanayo. Kodwa-ke, izakhiwo zabo zihlukile kakhulu. Lo mehluko uvela ezinhlanganweni zabo ezihlukile zekristali.

• I-Graphite:Njengoba sixoxile, i-Graphite inesakhiwo esibekiwe esinezibopho ezibuthakathaka phakathi kwezendlalelo. Lokhu kwenza kube lula, ukushelelayo, kanye nomqhubi womqhubi omnandi.
• IDayimane:IDayimane inesakhiwo se-tetrahedral enezici ezintathu, lapho ngamunyeikhabhonii-athomu iboshelwe ngokuqinile kwabanyeikhabhoniama-athomu. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu futhi umqhubi ompofu kagesi (yize kungumqhubi we-thermal omuhle kakhulu).

Umehluko phakathi kwe-graphite nedayimane kuyisibonelo esimangazayo sendlela ukuhlelwa kwama-athomu kungashintsha kakhulu izakhiwo zento. Ngenkathi bobabili benziwa ngokupheleleikhabhoni, Izinhlaka zazo ezihluke kakhulu ziholela ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene kakhulu. Umbuzo weI-Graphite neDayimaneihlanganisa kahle umqondo we-allotropes. Eyodwa ithambile, emnyamaamafutha okugcoba athambisayo, elinye itshe eliyigugu elinzima, eliqhakazile.

Kuyini i-amorphous graphite? Ukuqonda ifomu le-crystalline elingaphansi

I-amorphous graphiteuhlobo lweI-Graphite yemveloLokho kungenayo i-oda le-crystalline elide elitholakala ku-flake noma i-vein graphite. Empeleni ifomu le-microcrystallineikhabhoni, laphoikhabhoniama-athomu ahlelwe ngamaqoqo amancane, angenasisolwa.

I-amorphous graphitengokujwayelekile uhlobo olubizayo olubizayoI-Graphite yemvelo. Imvamisa kutholakala kuma-seams amalahle futhi kungukuqhutshwa kwezimayini zamalahle. Ngokuvamile isetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ubumsulwa obuphezulu kanye ne-crystallity ababucayi, njengokuthi:

• I-Forkry Facings:Kusetshenziselwa ukudala izindawo ezibushelelezi ku-isikhunta sezimali zensimbi.
• Izithako:Isetshenziswa ekusebenzeni kokuthambisa okuphansi kokusebenza.
• I-Brake Brake:Isetshenziswa njengento yokuphikisana ngezinto zokulwa nama-brake.

Laphoi-amorphous graphiteayinazo izakhiwo ezihlukile zegrafu ye-crystalline, kuseyinto ebalulekile ngenxa yenala yayo kanye nezindleko eziphansi.

Ikusasa le-Graphite: Ukusungulwa okusha kanye Nezicelo ezivelayo

Isidingo segrafu kulindeleke ukuthi siqhubeke sikhula eminyakeni ezayo, eqhutshwa izitayela ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:

• Izimoto zikagesi:Ukukhula okusheshayo kwemakethe yemoto kagesi kushayela isidingo esibalulekile samabhethri e-lithium-ion, ancike kakhulu i-graphite.
• Ukugcinwa Kwamandla:I-Graphite isetshenziswa futhi kolunye ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla, njengamabhethri okugeleza kanye nama-supercapacitors.
• I-Graphene:I-Graphene, ungqimba olulodwa lweikhabhoniAma-athomu ahlelwe ethangeni le-hexagonal, asuselwa kugrafu. Inezakhiwo ezingejwayelekile futhi iyahlolwa ngezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zohlelo, kufaka phakathi ama-elekthronikhi, ama-composites, kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla.
• I-Carbon Nanotubes: Enye indawo ethokozisayo yentuthuko.

Lezi zinhlelo ezivelayo, ezihambisana nesidingo esiqhubekayo ezivela ezimbonini zendabuko, ziphakamise ikusasa eliqhakazile le-graphite.

Ukukhetha umphakeli we-graphite: ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile kokuthengwa kwempahla

Ukukhetha umphakeli we-graphite ofanele kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi engaguquki, ukunikezwa okuthembekile, kanye namanani entengo yokuncintisana. Nazi ezinye zezinto ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe, zihlobene kakhulu nomuntu onjengoMark Thompson, iphrofayili yethu yamakhasimende ejwayelekile:

• Ikhwalithi yokulawula:Qinisekisa ukuthi umphakeli unezinqubo zokulawula ezisezingeni eliphakeme endaweni. Cela isitifiketi (e.g., amazinga we-ISO, imininingwane yezinto ezibonakalayo) nemibiko yokuhlola ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ye-graphite. Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yekhwalithi kubaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kukhuluma ngqo ukukhathazeka kukaMarku ngekhwalithi.
• Uhla lomkhiqizo:Khetha umphakeli onikezela ngemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ye-graphite ukufeza izidingo zakho ezithile. Lokhu kungafaka amamaki ahlukileama-electrodes we-graphite(UHP, HP), amabhlogo we-graphite, i-graphite yazizwa, noma eminye imikhiqizo ekhethekile. Umhlinzeki okwazi ukunikela ngemikhiqizo efanaI-electrode ephezulu yamandla we-graphiteinkomba enhle.
• Umthamo Wokukhiqiza:Hlola amandla okukhiqiza umphakeli ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi bangahlangabezana nezidingo zakho zevolumu kanye nezikhathi zokulethwa kwezikhathi zokulethwa. Ifektri enemigqa eminingi yokukhiqiza, njengeyokuqala (Allen) Phatha, kuwuphawu oluhle lwamandla athembekile.
• Ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe:Funa umphakeli ngobuchwepheshe obuqinile bobuchwepheshe obunganikeza ukwesekwa nesiqondiso ekukhetheni imikhiqizo efanelekile ye-graphite yezinhlelo zakho zokusebenza. Maka, ukuntula ubuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe, bekungazisa lokhu kakhulu.
• I-Logistics nokuthumela:Cabanga ngamakhono wempahla yomhlinzeki kanye nezinketho zokuthumela. Qinisekisa ukuthi bangaletha imikhiqizo endaweni yakho kahle futhi bebiza kakhulu. Lokhu kubhekisisa iphuzu lobuhlungu bakaMarku lokubambezeleka kokuthumela.
• Ukuxhumana:Khetha umphakeli ngeziteshi zokuxhumana ezicacile neziphendulayo. Ukuxhumana okusebenzayo kubalulekile ekuxazululeni noma yiziphi izingqinamba noma ukukhathazeka ngokushesha. Lokhu kubala ukukhathazeka kukaMarku ngokuqondile ngokuxhumana okungasebenzi kahle.
• Intengo:Ngenkathi ikhwalithi ibaluleke kakhulu, amanani entengo futhi ayinto ebalulekile. Qhathanisa izintengo kusuka kubahlinzeki abahlukahlukene, kepha qaphela amanani aphansi kakhulu kunesilinganiso semakethe, ngoba lokhu kungakhombisa ikhwalithi ephansi. UMark uzwela ikhwalithi kodwa futhi ufuna izintengo zokuncintisana.
• Isipiliyoni: Umhlinzeki othunyelwa ngokuthumela phambili esifundeni sakho, njengolwazi lwami nge-USA, eNyakatho Melika, e-Australia, ekhombisa ukuqonda kwamazinga wamazwe aphesheya kanye nezinto.
• Ifektri ngqo: Ukubhekana ngqo nefektri, ngokungafani nomsabalalisi, ngokuvamile kungaholela ekuxhumaneni okungcono nokuxhumana okuqondile.

Ngokucabanga ngokucophelela lezi zinto, amabhizinisi angakhetha umphakeli we-graphite onokwethenjelwa ohlangabezana nezidingo zabo ezithile futhi azisize ukufeza izinhloso zebhizinisi labo. Cabanga ngomhlinzeki onobuchwepheshe ngaphakathiI-Eltra-High Power Graphite Electrodeukukhiqiza.

Isifinyezo: Ukuthathwa kokhiye ku-Graphite

• I-Graphite iyindlela eguquguqukayouhlobo lwekhabhoningesakhiwo esinqunyelwe.
• Izakhiwo zayo zifaka phezuluimpambakanye nokusebenza kukagesi, i-lubrity, i-chemertness, kanye nokumelana okushisa kakhulu.
• Zokwenziwa graphiteyenziwa ngenqubo yokushisa ephezulu, enikeza ubumsulwa obuphakeme kanye nokungaguquguquki kunokubaI-Graphite yemvelo.
• Ama-electrodes we-graphitebabalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwensimbi emakhaleni kagesi we-arc.
• I-Graphite inezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, kufaka phakathi amabhethri, ama-lubthrants, iziphikiso, kanye nokuphendula kwenukliya.
• Ukukhetha umphakeli wegrafu onokwethenjelwa kudinga ukucubungula ngokucophelela kwekhwalithi, umthamo, ubuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe, izinto, kanye nokuxhumana.
• Umehluko ku-ikhabhoniIsakhiwo se-athomu yikho okunikeza i-graphite izici zayo ezihlukile.
• Imikhiqizo ye-GraphiteIba nezindlela ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izinhlelo zokushisa okuphezulu.
• Ukuthola umphakeli omuhle ovela eChina, njengoba nami ngikhona, ngikwazi ukubhekana ngqo nokukhathazeka okujwayelekile kokuthenga, njengoba kuqokonyiswe nguMark Thompson's Profile, futhi usizo luhlinzekeInduku ye-graphiti evutha ama-electrodes.