Ukuvula amandla wegrafu ye-pyrolytic: izakhiwo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza

I-POPROLYTIC Graphite iyindlela ehlukile ye-graphite enezakhiwo ezihlukile, okwenza kube lubaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izimboni eziningi. Le ndatshana idlulela izici, ukukhiqizwa, kanye nokusebenzisa okuhlukahlukene kweI-Pyrolytic Graphite, Qokomisa ukuthi kungani kungokwakhe okukhethwa kukho ngokufuna izimo zobuchwepheshe. Sizohlola ukwakheka kwayo okuhlukile, okushisayo kanye nezakhiwo zikagesi, nokuthi zibangela kanjani ukusetshenziswa kwazo kukho konke kusuka ku-elekthronikhi kuya kwe-aerospe. Ochwepheshe njengoMark Thompson, ukuqonda le mininingwane kunganikeza umngcele wokuncintisana emakethe yomhlaba.

1. Kuyini ngempela i-prographite ye-pyrolytictic?

I-Pyrolytic Graphitekuyindlela eyingqayizivele, eyenziwe ngabantu ye-graphite ekhiqizwa ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi yi-chemical vaporimbemba(CVD). Ngokungafani ne-graphite yemvelo noma i-graphite ejwayelekile,I-Pyrolytic GraphiteIngabe impahla ye-polycrystalline, okusho ukuthi ihlanganiswe amakristalu amaningi ama-graphite amancane. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinhlamvukugxilwe kakhulu, UkuphaI-Pyrolytic Graphiteezinye izakhiwo ezikhethekile. Okufana ne-graphite kudalwe lapho ahydrocarbonigesi (njenge-methane) ifudunyezwa kakhuluUkushisa okuphezuluesimweni se-inert. Lokhu kubangela igesi ukubaukuqinisa, noI-Carbon Atomafakwa ungqimba ngesendlalelo kusubstrate.

Lesi sakhiwo esibunjiwe siyisihluthulelo sokuqondaI-Pyrolytic Graphite. Kufana nokufaka amaphepha amaningi ancanyana. Ishidi ngalinye limelela ungqimba lweuhlobo, laphoI-Carbon Atoms bahlanganiswe ngokuqinile ethangeni le-hexagonal. Lezi zibopho ngaphakathi kwendiza ziqinile kakhulu (izibopho ezinde), kepha izibopho phakathi kweIzendlalelo ze-Graphitezibuthakathaka kakhulu (amabutho we-van der Waals). Lo mehluko amandla e-bond phakathi kwendiza nangaphandle kwendiza, kubangela lokho okuba nakhoI-Anisotropy.

2. Kwenziwa kanjani i-proglytic graphite? Ukubheka inqubo yokubekwa.

Ukukhiqizwa kweI-Pyrolytic Graphitekubandakanya inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi eyaziwa ngokuthi amakhemikhaliIsimo se-Vapor. Empeleni, ahydrocarbonigesi, njenge-methane (CH4), yethulwa egumbini lokuphumula eliqukethe asubstrate. Igumbi livalwa kakhuluUkushisa okuphezulu, imvamisa ebangeni lama-2000 ° C kuya ku-3000 ° C. Lokhu kushisa okukhulu kubangelahydrocarbonigesi kuyeukuqinisa- Inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthiimviniko.

Ngesikhathiimviniko, theI-Carbon Atomkusuka kugesi obolile kufakwa kusubstrate. Ama-athomu azihlela ngesihlelekile kakhulu, esakhelwe sakhiwo, esakhayoI-Pyrolytic Graphite. Izinga leimbemba, amazinga okushisa, nengcindezi ngaphakathi kwegumbi konke kulawulwa ngokucophelela ukuthonya izakhiwo zokugcina zeI-Pyrolytic Graphite. Ukulawula la mapharamitha kuvumela ukuvumelanisa ukuqina kwezinto ezibonakalayo,Ukuvuselelwa okushisayo, nezinye izici.
Lokhu kungafaka phakathiAmashidi we-praphite we-pyrolytictic.

3. Yiziphi izakhiwo ezisemqoka zegrafu ye-prolytictic?

Le khasiIzakhiwo ze-prographicty ye-pyrolyticticisiqu ngqo kusuka esakhiweni sayo esiyingqayizivele, esithambekele kakhulu. Lokhu kudala umehluko omkhulu ekuziphatheni kwayo kuya ngokuqondisa. Nazi ezinye zezimpawu ezibalulekile:

• I-Anisotropy:Lokhu mhlawumbe yisici esichazayo seI-Pyrolytic Graphite. Izakhiwo zayo ziqondiswa kakhulu. Ngaphakathi kwendiza yezendlalelo (eduze), kukhombisa okuhle kakhuluimpambana-ukuqina kukagesi. Kodwa-ke, kuukuqondisa kwe-perpendicularEzingxenyeni, lezi zakhiwo zincishiswa kakhulu.
• Ukusebenza okuphezulu okushisayo (in-Plane): I-Pyrolytic Graphiteuqhosha okuhlukileUkuvuselelwa okushisayoeduze kwendiza yezendlalelo zalo, ngisho nangaphezulu kwethusi atUkushisa kwegumbi.
• Ukuvuka okushisayo okuphansi (i-perpendicular to Plane):Ngokuphambene nalokho, kwayoUkuvuselelwa okushisayoI-Perpendicular kuya ezingxenyeni ziphansi kakhulu, okwenza kube ngumthakisi omuhle kakhulu we-thermal kuleyo ndlela.
• Diamagnetism: I-Pyrolytic GraphitekuqinileIzinto ezibonakalayo ze-diamagnetic, okusho ukuthi uyaxolisaumgcanjethiamasimu. Le mpahla nayo i-anisotropic.
• Ukuqina okuphezulu kokushisa:Ingamelana kakhuluUkushisa okuphezuluku-inert atmoskeres ngaphandle kokuwohloka okukhulu.
• Ukungena kwamakhemikhali: I-Pyrolytic Graphitekuhlobeneitereti, ukumelana nokusabela ngamakhemikhali amaningi.

4. Kungani ukuqhutshwa kwe-praplytic graphite kumangalisa kangaka?

OkuhlukileUkuvuselelwa okushisayo kwesithombe se-prolyticticEndizeni yezendlalelo zalo kungenxa yokunyakaza okusebenzayo kwezifo (ukudlidliza) ngokusebenzisa isibopho esiqinileI-Carbon Atominethiwekhi. Cabanga ngakho njengegagasi elihamba ngokushesha okukhulu ngokusebenzisa izinto eziqinile, ezigcwele phama kunokuba zibe yinto evulekile, engahleliwe. Izibopho eziqinile ezinamandla ngaphakathi kweuhloboIzendlalelo zinikeza indlela ecacile yalawa ma-vibrations ukuze akwazi ukumelana nokumelana okuncane. Le khasiUkuvuselelwa okushisayoingaba amahlandla amahlanu e-zethusi.

Kodwa-ke, ngoba izibopho phakathi kweIzendlalelo ze-GraphiteAbuthakathaka (amabutho we-van der Waals), ama-foni anobunzima bokudlulisa ukushisa ngaphesheya kwezendlalelo. Lokhu kuchaza okuphansiUkuvuselelwa okushisayoendaweni eqondile. Lokhu kwenza lokhu kulungeleUkushisa okushisayo.

I-5. Ukuhlola i-anisotropy yesithombe se-prolyytic.

I-Anisotropy, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kuyisici esiyisisekelo seI-Pyrolytic Graphite. Kusho ukuthi izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zihlukile ngokuya ngokuqondisa. Lokhu kungumphumela oqondile wesakhiwo saso esenziwe. I-analooli enhle ngokhuni: kulula kakhulu ukuhlukanisa izinkuni okusanhlamvu kulapho.

Lokhu kuncika okuqondayo kubalulekile kuzinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zayo. Isibonelo, ukuphakama kwaloUkuvuselelwa okushisayo kwePlanekanye ne-perpendicular ephansiUkuvuselelwa okushisayoKwenze ilungele ukusakaza okushisa kumadivayisi we-elekthronikhi, ukudweba kahle ukushisa kude nezinto ezibucayi ngenkathi kuvimbela ekusakazeni kwezinye izindawo. Amandla okwenzaqoqonaizingqimba zeI-Pyrolytic Graphite, okufanayo nendlelaumuncainamathele, futhi ivela kulokhuI-Anisotropy.

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OkuhlukileIzakhiwo ze-prographicty ye-pyrolyticticKwenze ilungele izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezicelo, eziningi zazo ezivuselela izakhiwo zayo ezishisayo ze-anisotropic nezakhiwo zikagesi. Okunye ukusetshenziswa kokhiye kufaka phakathi:

• Amasheya wokushisa kanye nokushisa okushisayo:Phakathi kwa-Amadivayisi we-elekthronikhi, I-Pyrolytic Graphiteisetshenziselwa ukuhlanza kahle i-Kukhiqizwe ukushisangezakhi, ukuvimbela ukushisa ngokweqile nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile.
• Amabhulukwe kanye nokubumba:Ukumelana kwamazinga okushisa okuphezulu kanye nokuqina kwamakhemikhali kwenza kube yizinto ezifanelekile ze-tucibles ezisetshenziselwa izinqubo ze-metallurgical eziphakeme.
• Ama-monochromators:Isetshenziswe kakhulu ku-x-ray, ne-neutron monochromators.
• Izicelo ze-Biomedical:Ukuthambekela kwalo kuholele ekusetshenzisweni kwayo ezimisweni ezithile zezokwelapha.
• Izakhi ze-Aerospace:Ukuqina kwalo okushisa okuphezulu kanye nemvelo engasindi kwenza kube yigugu kwizicelo ze-aerospace.
• Ukuskena ukuskena ama-microscopy:I-Pyrolytic Graphite, ikakhulukazii-praphite ethambekele kakhulu ye-prolytictic, isetshenziswa njengesubstrateingomaneukubekelwa phansi ukuthwebulaI-Microscopy (STM) ngenxa yefulethi yayo, evuthayo. Ingacotshwa kaninginingi.

7. I-Plaphuytic Graphite kumadivayisi we-elekthronikhi kanye nama-semiconductors.

KuAmadivayisi we-elekthronikhina-semiconductorIzimboni,I-Pyrolytic GraphiteIdlala indima ebalulekile ekuphathweni okushisayo. I-elekthronikhi yanamuhla ikhiqiza amanani aphezulu okushisa, futhi ukuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni nasekude.I-Pyrolytic GraphiteEhlukileUkuvuselelwa okushisayo kwePlaneKwenza kube yinto enhle kakhulu yokusakaza ukushisa kude nezindawo ezishisayo, njengama-processor kanye nama-amplifiers wamandla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuphansi kwayoUkuvuselelwa okushisayoI-Perpendicular eya endizeni isiza ukuhlukanisa ukushisa, ukuyivimbela ekuthinteni izingxenye ezibucayi eziseduzane. Isimo esincanyana, esingasindiAmashidi we-praphite we-pyrolyticticFuthi kubenza balungele ukusetshenziswa kumadivayisi we-compact elektroniki lapho isikhala sinqunyelwe khona. Okuqukethwe kuzosetshenziswa futhiAmaseli kaphethiloliingomaneUkugcinwa Kwamandla.

8. I-prographic graphic ihlangana kanjani nezinye izinhlobo zegrafu?

Ngenkathi zonke izinhlobo zegraphite zabelana ngesakhiwo se-hexagonal carbon eyisisekelo,I-Pyrolytic Graphiteivelele ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esi-oda kakhulu, esibekiwe. Lokhu kukunikeza izakhiwo ezihlukile ngokuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo, ezifana:

• I-Graphite yemvelo:Ukuminakaliswa emhlabeni, i-graphite yemvelo inesakhiwo esingasenayoI-Pyrolytic Graphite, okuholela phansiimpambana-ukuqina kukagesi.
• I-graphite ejwayelekilenomaIgrafu yokufakelwa:Lokhu kuvame ukukhiqizwa kusukaIkhabhoni emnyamaFuthi i-binder, bese ibilika futhi igqamile. Inesakhiwo se-isotropic (izakhiwo ezifanayo ezifanayo kuzo zonke izinkomba) ngokuqhathaniswaI-Pyrolytic Graphite.
• I-Graphene:LaphoI-Pyrolytic Graphiteyenziwa nge-stackeduhloboizingqimba, ungqimba olulodwauhloboinezakhiwo ezikhethekile ngokwengeziwe. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqiza amashidi amakhulu, angenasici auhlobouhlala uyinselelo.

Qhathanisa lezi zinto ezimbili zokwakha,I-Pyrolytic GraphiteIshaya ibhalansi phakathi kokusebenza kanye nokwenza, okwenza kube yisinqumo esisebenzayo sezicelo eziningi. BhekaI-graphite yamandla aphezuluIkhasi lomkhiqizo.

9. Yini ukulinganiselwa nezinselelo zokusebenzisa i-prographic graphite?

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo eziningi,I-Pyrolytic GraphiteUnokulinganiselwa okuthile:

• Ubucwebe:Kungaba yi-brittle futhi ithambekele ekuqhekekeni, ikakhulukazi kanye nezindiza ze-cleavage.
• Izindleko:Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-CVD ingabiza, kwenziweI-Pyrolytic Graphitekubiza kakhulu kunenye izindlela ezithile zegrafu.
• Imishini:Ngenkathi ingafakwa imishini, imvelo yayo ye-anisotropic ingenza inselele ukufeza ukwakheka okunembe kanye nokubekezelelana. Le khasii-crystallizationna-I-InHomogeneityingasebenza lokhu.
• I-oxidation emazingeni okushisa aphezulu:Yize uzinzile ku-inert atteres,I-Pyrolytic Graphiteungakwazi ukwenza i-oxidize (usabela ngo-oksijini) ku-amazinga okushisa aphakemeEmoyeni, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezinye izinhlelo zokushisa okuphezulu ngaphandle kwezigqoko zokuvikela. Kufanele igcinwe ngezansi400 ° C.

I-10. Ikusasa lePhrolyticy Grassytic: Izicelo ezivelayo kanye nocwaningo.

Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka nokuhlola izinhlelo ezintsha nezijabulisayo zeI-Pyrolytic Graphite. Izindawo ezithakazelayo zifaka:

• Ukuphathwa okufudumele okuthuthukile:Njengoba amadivaysi kagesi aqhubeka nokuncipha futhi abe namandla ngokwengeziwe, isidingo sokuthi izixazululo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zokushisa zizoshayela ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kweI-Pyrolytic GraphiteIzinto ezifakiwe.
• Ukugcinwa Kwamandla:-Kuthileukuqina kukagesiFuthi isakhiwo esibekiwe sikwenza kube ngumuntu ongaba khona ukuze asetshenziswe kumabhethri athuthukile kanye nama-supercapacitors. OkuqukethweNgokwezifiso zamakhemikhali.
• Izinzwa:Izakhiwo zayo ezihlukile ziyaphenywa ukuze zisetshenziswe ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezinzwa.
• Ubunjiniyela be-Biomedical:Ukucwaninga okwengeziwe ekuthambekeni kwalo kungaholela ezinhlelweni ezintsha kumadivayisi wezokwelapha kanye nezimila.
  * Izifundo zama-moleculeOsosayensi abangaphezulu basebenzisa i-hopg njenge-substrate lapho ukutadisha khona okuhlukahlukeneama-molecule amnandi. Hopg uhlinzeka ngekuvezwe indawo ehlanzekileNgisho nangemva kokuhlalaumoya amahora amaningi. I-substrate ingakwaziqinisa ama-molecule ** futhi unikeze indiza evuthayo.
• I-nanossucture: Thei-nanossuctureubonwe ukukhombisasemiconductingisimilo.

I-Key Takeaways: Okubalulekile kwePhyrolytic Graphite

• I-Pyrolytic Graphitekuyindlela eyingqayizivele ye-graphite enesakhiwo esi-odliwe kakhulu, esibekiwe.
• Kukhombisa okuhlukileI-Anisotropy, nge-Highimpambana-ukuqina kukagesiendizeni yezendlalelo kanye nokuvuselelwa okuphansi kwendiza.
• Kukhiqizwe ngomumo wamakhemikhaliimbemba (imviniko), inqubo evumela ukulawulwa kwezindawo zayo.
• Izicelo ezisemqoka zifaka amasheya wokushisa, ama-eartibles, izingxenye ze-aerospace, kanye nezindawo ezingezansi ze-microscopy.
• Kuyinto ebalulekile ngaphakathiAmadivayisi we-elekthronikhikanye ne-semiconductors ukuphathwa kwe-thermal.
• Ngenkathi kubiza kakhulu kunenye izinhlobo zezinhlobo zama-graphite, izakhiwo zayo ezihlukile zivumela ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuzicelo ezifunwayo.
• Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo luhlola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha ku-Serder Storage, izinzwa, kanye nobunjiniyela be-biomedical.
• Khumbula ukuhlola kwethuUkuhlanzeka okuphezulu 99.9% graphite powderna-I-graphite ephezulu yokushisa i-graphible yokuvimbela ukuncibilikaamakhasi womkhiqizo.
• Sibheke ngathiIzinto ze-elektrodeIzidingo.
  I-graphite decocalsedΠ systemngaphezulu kwe-Amaphepha we-graphaneunesibopho sogesiUkuvuselelwa kanye nokushisaukuqina.
• Kubalulekile ukuqondaDEALCEDED π-ubudlelwanophakathi kwamashidiukwenza izinqumo zokuthenga ezinolwazi.