Imakethe ye-graphite ye-electrode, ikakhulukazi yeI-UHP (Amandla we-Ultra-High) ama-graphite electrodes, kuyingxenye ebucayi yembulunga yonkeimboni yensimbi. Le ndatshana ihlinzeka ngesibukezo esiphelele seI-Global Graphite Electrode Market Market, ukugxila kuI-UHP GraphiteIzitayela,Amanani entengo kagesi, kanye namandla ezimakethe asemqoka ku2024. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela kubalulekile kubabambiqhaza kulo lonke i-Supply Chain, kusukaUgesi we-arc kagesiopharetha ukuzeI-Graphite Electrodeabakhiqizi. Uma ubamba iqhaza ekuthengeni noma ekunikezelweni kweama-electrodes we-graphite, ikakhulukaziAma-electrodes we-UHP graphite, lokhu kuhlaziywa kuzokuhlomisa ngokuqonda okudingayo ukuze uzulazule isimo samanje semakethe.
1. Yini eshayela ukukhula komhlaba kwemakethe ye-graphite ye-graphite ngo-2024?
Le khasiI-Global Graphite Electrode Market Marketuhlangabezana nokukhula okukhulu ngaphakathi2024, kubhekwe ngokuyinhloko ukusebenza okuqinile kweimboni yensimbi. Nga-ukukhiqizwa kwensimbikukhuphuka emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisaUgesi we-arc kagesi(Eaf) umzila, Thefuna ama-electrodes we-graphiteukugqekeza. Kunezici eziningana ezinikela kulokhu okuphezulu. Okokuqala, amaphrojekthi wokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda emhlabeni jikelele adinga amanani amakhulu wensimbi, enomthelela ngqo ukusetshenziswa kweama-electrodes we-graphite. Okwesibili, ukwandiswa okwandayo kwe-EAFS njengenye indlela enobungani yemvelo yendalo yokuqhuma kwendabuko kungumshayeli osemqoka. Ama-EAFS ancike kakhulu phezuama-electrodes we-graphitengokuhlinzwa kwabo, okwenza ukuxhumana phakathiukukhiqizwa kwensimbinge-EAFS futhiUkukhula Kwemaketheokungenakuphikwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho,Ukuthuthuka KwezobuchwephesheKubuchwepheshe be-EAF kuholela ekusebenzeni kahle nasekukhiqizeni, okuthi, nakho, kudinga ukugcwala okukhulu kweama-electrodes we-graphite.
Ukuvuselelwa kwemikhakha yokukhiqiza emnothweni ohlukahlukene wezomnotho ngemuva-ubhubhane nakho kudlale indima ebalulekile. Lo msebenzi owengeziwe wezimboni udinga insimbi eyengeziwe, ngaleyo ndlela uthuthukise ifuna ama-electrodes we-graphite. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imizamo kahulumeni yamasu agxile ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda kanye nokukhula kwezimboni kwezomnotho okufufusa kuyo phambiliUkukhulisa Ukukhula Kwemakethe. Ukutholakala futhiukuthambekela kwentengoiwa-impahla eluhlazathandainaliti coke, isakhi esibucayi ngaphakathiUkukhiqizwa kwe-Electrode, nayo ithonya kakhuluAmanani entengo kagesifuthi jikeleleUkukhula Kwemakethe.
2. Kungani kunesidingo esandayo se-electrodes ye-UHP Graphite emkhakheni kagesi we-ARC?
Le khasiUgesi we-arc kagesiUmkhakha ufakaza ukwanda okushiwoyofuna ama-electrodes we-uhp graphite. Lesi sidingo esasikhulayo sivela ezinzuzweni zemveloUHP Electrodesnikeza ngokwemibandela yokusebenza kahle nokukhiqiza.Amandla we-Ultra-HighAma-electrodes we-Graphite aklanyelwe ukubekezelela amazinga aphezulu kagesi namazinga okushisa okusebenza ngaphakathi kwe-EAF, okuholela ekunciphiseni izikhathi ezincibilikayo kanye nokukhipha okwengeziwe kwensimbi. Lokhu kuhumushela ngqo emalini yokonga kanye nokusebenza okuthuthukile kokusebenza kwamamitha ensimbi. Uma kuqhathaniswaAmandla aphezulu(HP) noma ama-electrodes ajwayelekile,Ama-electrodes we-UHP graphiteKhombisa ukusebenza okuphezulu, okuvumela ama-Times amafushane kampompi embusweni wensimbi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhuba obheke ekukhiqizeni amamaki aphezulu wensimbi kuma-EAFS adinga ukusetshenziswa kweUHP Electrodes. Lawa ma-electrodes athuthukile anezakhiwo ezidingekayo zikagesi nezenzile-thermal ziyehla ngempumelelo futhi zihlaziye ama-steres akhethekile. Ikhono leUHP ElectrodesUkuphatha ukufakwa kwamandla aphezulu nakho kunomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okuncishisiwe ngethani lensimbi elikhiqizwayo, ukuhambisana nokugcizelelwa okukhulayo ekusebenzeni kahle kwamandla futhiImithetho yezemvelongaphakathi kwe-imboni yensimbi. Ngakho-ke, njengoba abenzi bensimbi belwela umkhiqizo omkhulu, izindleko eziphansi zokusebenza, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwensimbi esezingeni eliphakeme, okuthandayoAma-electrodes we-graphite we-Ultra-Highiyaqhubeka ukukhuphuka. Lokhu kuthinta ngqo i-I-Global Graphite Electrode Market Marketkanye nokuqondileImakethe Yabelanaephethwe nguI-UHP Graphite.
3. Kubhekwe kanjani amanani e-elekthrodi ka-graphite, futhi yini intengo yamanje ye-EHP Graphite electrodes?
Amanani entengo kagesibahlangene ngokomlando, bathonywe yizici ezifana nezindleko zeimpahla eluhlaza, Amanani Energy, futhi SekukonkeIzimo Zemakethe. Phakathi kwa-2022, sabona ukuguquguquka okukhulu ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwecala lokuhlinzekwa kanye nokufungwa okwengeziwe. Njengoba2024, theukuthambekela kwentengoingomaneama-electrodes we-graphite, ikakhulukaziAma-electrodes we-UHP graphite, ihlala iyinkinga yabathengi nabathengisi ngokufanayo. Ngenkathi ucacisiweintengo yamanjeIzibalo zingahluka ngokuya ngebanga, usayizi, kanye nomhlinzeki, umkhuba ojwayelekile ubheke ekusizeni ngemuva kweziqongo ezitholakele eminyakeni edlule.
Kunezici eziningana njengamanje zithonyaAmanani entengo kagesi. Izindleko zeinaliti coke, i-petroleum-ethathweikhabhoniUmthombo obalulekile ukuze ukhiqize ama-electrodes asezingeni eliphakeme, uhlala eyingxenye ebalulekile yezindleko. Ukuguquguquka kokushintshana ngaphakathiAmanani kawoyela we-crudenokutholakala kweinaliti cokenomthelela ngqoUkukhiqizwa kuka-Electrodeizindleko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanani entengo endla adlala indima ebalulekile, njengeInqubo Yokukhiqizaiwa-ama-electrodes we-graphiteinamandla amakhulu. Izici ze-Geopolitical kanye nezinqubomgomo zokuhweba zingaphinde zethule ukuguquguquka emakethe. Ukuqonda ukuxhumeka kwalezi zinto kubalulekile ekubikezeleni ikusasaAmanani entengo kagesikanye nokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi zokuthenga. LaphoAmanani aphansikungahle kube nzima, abathengi futhi babeka phambili ikhwalithi kanye nokwethenjwa, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngezakhi ezibucayi ezifanaUHP Electrodes. UkuqaphaAmanani entengoFuthi izinkontileka zesikhathi eside zibalulekile ekuphatheniukuguquguquka kwamanani.
4. Iyiphi indima i-China idlala ngosayizi we-graphite graphite we-elekthrasi le-electrode namanani e-graphite?
I-China ibutho elivelele kuImakethe ye-graphite graphite ye-global. Kungumkhiqizi omkhulu nomthengi weama-electrodes we-graphite, ukuthonya kakhulu okupheleleimakethe yomhlabaAmandla futhiAmanani entengo kagesi. Njengokuholaukukhiqizwa kwensimbiHub, isidingo seChinaama-electrodes we-graphitekuyinto enkulu, emthelela emhlabeni jikeleleukuhlinzekwa kothilenamanani entengo. Inani elikhulu lezweUmkhiqizi we-electrodes we-graphiteFuthi kunomthelela omkhulu ekuhlinzekeni komhlaba wonke.
Kodwa-ke, indima yeChina yi-Multifaceted. Izinguquko ezinhlanganweni zayo zemvelo ezifuywayo, amakhono okukhiqiza, futhifuna ama-electrodesUngaba nemiphumela e-ripple ngaphesheya kwemakethe yomhlaba. Isibonelo, kunzimaImithetho yezemveloE-china, ngezinye izikhathi, kwaholela ekushisweni kwesikhashana noma ekunciphiseni okuvela kwabakhiqizi, okunomthelela emhlabeni wonke futhi kungaqhakambisaAmanani entengo kagesiphezulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla okukhiqiza anda kakhulu eChina angaholela ekutholakaleni okukhulu kanye namanani entengo ancintisanayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda amandla angaphakathi aseChina, awoimboni yensimbiIzitayela, kanyeUmkhakha we-Electrode we-Graphitekubalulekile ngokuqonda abanziI-Global Graphite Electrode Market Marketna-ukuthambekela kwentengo. Izinkampani ezithandaI-Graphite IndiaFuthi abanye abadlali bamazwe aphesheya ababheka eduze intuthuko eChina ukuze balindele amashifu emakethe.
I-5
Ukufuyaimoto yakwa-Electric(Ev) imakethe yakhele izindlela ezintsha zeIsidingo sekhabhoni, yinye indlela ehlukile kuneama-electrodes we-graphite. Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion, i-Powerhouse of EVS, sebenzisa amanani amakhuluI-Graphite yemvelonjengezinto ze-anode. Ngenkathi lokhui-graphiteicutshungulwa ngendlela ehlukile kuneinaliti cokeisetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni i-electrode, okupheleleIsidingo esikhuphukayoingomanei-graphiteubeka ingcindezi ku-impahla eluhlazaukuhlinzekwa kwamaketanga.
Ngenkathi umthelela oqondile we-EVS kuI-Graphite Electrode Marketkungahle kubonakale kulinganiselwe, kunokuxhumana okungaqondile. Ukukhuphuka komncintiswano weimpahla eluhlazathandaikhabhoniingathonya izindleko nokutholakala kwangaphambi kwamandla asetshenziswe ngaphakathiUkukhiqizwa kuka-Electrode. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugxila okukhulayo kubuchwepheshe obuzinzile, kuqhutshwa yingxenye ye-EV Revolution, ngeqiniso kusekelwa ukwamukelwa kwama-EAFS kuukukhiqizwa kwensimbi, okuthi, njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho ngaphambili, kuqhubafuna ama-electrodes we-graphite. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi i-EVS ingadli ngokuqondileama-electrodes we-graphite, Ukunyuka kwabo kunomthelela ekushintsheni okubanzi kuyeikhabhoniUbuchwepheshe obunamandla futhi busekela ukukhula komkhakha we-EAF, ekugcineni kube nomthelela wesikhathi esideumbono wemaketheingomaneama-electrodes we-graphite.
6. Yini imikhuba yemakethe esemqoka ethonya imboni ye-graphite electrode ngo-2024?
Ukhiye othizeIzitayela ZemakethebabumbaUmkhakha we-Electrode we-Graphitephakathi kwa-2024. Okokuqala, ukwanda ukwamukelwa kwama-EAFS, okuqhutshwa yizo zombili izici zezomnotho nezemvelo, kuhlala kuyindlela evelele. Lokhu kuvuthaUkukhula Kwama-Electrodes we-Graphite, ikakhulukaziUHP Electrodes. Okwesibili,Ukuthuthuka KwezobuchwephesheKokubili i-EAF futhiTechnologies Electrodeziholela ekuthuthukisweni kwama-electrodes asebenza kahle futhi aqinile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ucwaningo ngezinto ezithuthukisiwe kanyeUkukhiqizwa kwe-Electrodeizinqubo.
Omunye umkhuba obalulekile ukugcizelelwa okukhulayo kokusimama futhiImithetho yezemvelo. Amalunga wensimbi aya ngokuya efuna izindlela zokunciphisa i-carbon footprint yazo, enze umzila we-EAF, ngokuthembela kuyoama-electrodes we-graphite, inketho ekhangayo. Lokhu kubeka nengcindeziAbakhiqizi be-elekthrodi bama-graphiteukwamukela izindlela zokukhiqiza ezizinzile ngokwengeziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugxila ekukhiqizeni amamaki aphezulu ensimbi kufunwa nge-electrodes esezingeni eliphakeme, kufaka phakathiAma-electrodes we-graphite we-Ultra-High. Ekugcineni, ukusatshalaliswa kwezendawo kweukukhiqizwa kwensimbikanye namaphrojekthi wokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda kudlala indima ebalulekile ekubumbeni isifundaukufunwa kwemakethena-Ukunwetshwa Kwezimakethe. Ukugcina Ukuqonda kwalabaIzitayela Zemaketheibalulekile ezinkampaniniIsebenza ku-electrode ye-graphiteUmkhakha.
7. Obani abadlali abakhulu emakethe ye-electrodes ye-graphite, efana ne-Graphia India, i-Fwarech International, Tokai Carbon, Nippon Carbon, neSangraf International?
Le khasiimakethe ye-electrodes ye-graphiteibonakala ngabadlali abaningana bomhlaba jikelele. Izinkampani ezithandaI-FRANEIN International, Tokai carbon, UNippon Carbon, I-Graphite India Limited, futhiI-Sanggraf Internationalbangabakhiqizi abakhulu nabathengisi beama-electrodes we-graphiteEmhlabeni jikelele. Lezi zinkampani zinamakhono amakhulu okukhiqiza, amanethiwekhi asungula amanethiwekhi asungula, futhi adlale indima ebalulekile ekubumbeniIzimo Zemakethe.
I-FRANEIN International, ngokwesibonelo, ungumkhiqizi ohlanganisiwe oqondile wekhwalithi ephezului-graphiteimikhiqizo, kufaka phakathiama-electrodes we-graphite. Tokai carbonna-UNippon Carbon, zombili ezisuselwa eJapan, zidume ngokuthuthuka kwazoTechnologies Electrodenamaphothifoliyo womkhiqizo ahlukahlukene.I-Graphite India, njengoba igama libonisa, liyisidlali esikhulu emakethe yaseNdiya kanye nomthengisi obalulekile emhlabeni jikelele.I-Sanggraf Internationalkungenye nenhlangano ephawuleka ethintekayo kuimakethe ye-graphite electrodes. Ukuqonda amasu, amakhono okukhiqiza, nokuba khona kwendawo kwalaba badlali abakhulu abakunikeza okubalulekileImakethe Insightsekumeni komhlaba nokuncintisanaAmathuba Wemakethe. Lezi zinkampani zinakekela amakhasimende anhlobonhlobo, kusuka enkuluamamitha ensimbikumathole amancane.
8. Imaphi amathuba emakethe akhona kubahlinzeki be-elektrodite be-electrode endaweni yamanje yezwe lomhlaba wonke?
Isimo somhlaba wonke samanje siveza ukuthembisa okuningiAmathuba WemaketheingomaneAbahlinzeki be-lectrodes ye-graphite. Ukukhula okuqhubekayo kweukukhiqizwa kwensimbi, ikakhulukazi nge-EAF Route, kwakha okugciniwefuna ama-electrodes we-graphite. Umnotho osafufusa ngezinhlelo ezibalulekile zokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda unikeza amandla amakhulu okukhula. Ukugxila okwandayo ekukhiqizeni amamaki aphezulu wensimbi kuvula amathuba kwabahlinzeki abasebenza ngaphakathiUHP Electrodeskanye neminye imikhiqizo ephezulu yokusebenza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhuba obheke ekwenzeni izinto ezizinzile udala amathuba abahlinzeki abanganikela ngemveloUkukhiqizwa kwe-Electrodeizinqubo noma zisetshenziswe kabushai-graphiteimikhiqizo. Isidingo Sokuthembekile Futhi Esihleukuhlinzekwa kothileAbaphathi baphinde banikeze amathuba wabaphakeli abanamakhono aqinile we-Logistics. Ngokwengeziwe, ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezingezwe ngenani, njengokusekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezixazululo ezenziwe ngezifiso, kungahlukanisa abahlinzeki emakethe yokuncintisana. Le khasiI-Africa Graphite Electrode Market, ngenkathi kusakhula, futhi kuveza namathemba okukhula kwesikhathi eside. Efektri efana neyethu, ngeImigqa engu-7 yokukhiqizafuthi uhlangabezana nokuthumela kuI-USA, eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu, kanye ne-Australia, ukugxila kuIzinto ze-graphite ezisezingeni eliphakeme, Ukuhambisana namazinga aphesheya, nokuxhumana okusebenzayo kuzoba ngokhiye okhokhela imali kulokhuAmathuba Wemakethe.
9
Le khasiIbanga le-Electrodeisici esibucayi esinethonya ukusebenza nokusetshenziswa kweama-electrodes we-graphite, Ukuba nomthelela omkhuluimakethe ye-graphite electrodes. Amamaki ahlukene aklanyelwe ukufeza izidingo ezithile zokusebenza ngaphakathi kweUgesi we-arc kagesi. Ukwehluka okuphambili kulele emandleni abo okuphatha ukucindezela kwamanje kagesi, okushisa, kanye nengcindezi yemishini.
Amandla aphezulu(HP)ama-electrodes we-graphiteyakhelwe ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwe-EAF futhi ilungele ukuncibilika kwamabanga ajwayelekile ensimbi. Banikeza ukulinganisela okuhle kokusebenza kanye nokusebenza kwezindleko. Ngokungqubuzanayo,Amandla we-Ultra-High(UHP)ama-electrodes we-graphitebanenjinizo yokusebenza kwe-EAF ephezulu kakhulu lapho kuncipha khona amanani asheshe ancibilika kanye nokugcwaliswa okuphezulu okuphezulu.UHP Electrodesakhiqizwa kusetshenziswa iprimiyamuimpahla eluhlazafuthi ubhekane nezinqubo zokulawula ezisezingeni eliphakeme zokuqinisekisa ukuthi zingamelana nezimo ezimbi kakhulu. BakhombisaUkumelana Kagesi Kwehlisa, Ukusebenza okuphezulu okushisayo, kanye nokumelana okuhle kakhulu koxidation ngokuqhathaniswa ne-HP electrodes. Lokhu kuvumela izinqumo eziphakeme zamanje nokushisa ngokushesha, ukunciphisa isikhathi se-tap-to-tap tap ku-wetmaking. Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-HP neUHP ElectrodesKuya ngezidingo ezithile zesigayo sensimbi, uhlobo lwensimbi olukhiqizwayo, kanye nezinga elifunekayo lokukhiqiza. Lokhu kwehluka kuthonya kakhulu amanani futhiImakethe YabelanangakunyeIbanga le-Electrode.
10. Ithini idatha yokucwaninga kwemakethe nedatha yokuhlaziya isitshela ngekusasa lemakethe ye-graphite electrode?
Ucwaningo lwemakethena-Umbiko WokuhlaziywaImininingwane inikezela ngemininingwane ebalulekile ku-trajectory yesikhathi esizayo yeI-Graphite Electrode Market. Le mibiko ivame ukukhula okuqhubekayo kokukhula, okuqhutshwa yizinto okuxoxwe ngazo ngaphambili, njengokukhulaukukhiqizwa kwensimbiViaAFS kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda. Idatha iphakamisa ukuthiI-Global Graphite Electrode Market Marketkulindeleke ukuthi iqhubeke nomkhuba wayo ophakeme ngaphezulu kweisikhathi sokuqala.
Ngokwesibonelo, aUmbiko Wokucwaningakungakhombisa ukuthiUsayizi we-Electrode Marketngenani elithile ngaphakathi2022 (Usayizi wawulinganiswa e-USD) kanye neProjekthi ukuthiUsayizi wemakethe ye-electrode kulindelekeUkufinyelela inani eliphakeme kakhulu ngonyaka othize, njengokuthi2024 (Ubukhulu kulindeleke ukuba bafinyelele). Le mibiko ivame ukuhlaziya izinkambiso zesifunda, ukukhomba izindawo ezinekhono eliphakeme kakhulu lokukhula, njengokuthuthukisa ezomnotho ezitshala imali kakhulu kwingqalasizinda. Baphinde bangenele endaweni yokuncintisana, bafakazela abadlali abakhulu kanye naboImakethe Yabelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho,Ukuhlaziywa Kwemakethekuvame ukufaka ukuqonda kubeukuthambekela kwentengoukubikezela, ukucubungula izinto ezifanaimpahla eluhlazaizindleko futhiukufunwa kwemakethe. Ukuhlala unolwazi ngokutholwa kwalokhuImibiko Yokuhlaziywakubalulekile ekuhleleni amasu nezinqumo zokutshala imali ngaphakathi kweUmkhakha we-Electrode we-Graphite. Imininingwane enjalo isiza ekuqondeniAmandla emakethenokukhomba izingozi ezingaba khona kanye namathuba.
Ukuthathwa Key:
- Le khasiImakethe ye-graphite graphite ye-global, ikakhulukazi forAma-electrodes we-UHP graphite, ihlangabezana nokukhula okuqinile ngaphakathi2024iqhutshwa ngokwandaukukhiqizwa kwensimbicabaUgesi we-arc kagesi.
- UHP ElectrodesZisesifungweni esiphakeme ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okuphezulu ekusebenzeni kwe-EAF ephezulu kakhulu, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle nasekukhiqizeni.
- Amanani entengo kagesiathonywe yiimpahla eluhlazaIzindleko (zifanainaliti coke), amanani entengo, futhi jikeleleIzimo Zemakethe, ngemikhuba yokuzinza ebonwa kuyo2024.
- I-China idlala indima enkulu emakethe yomhlaba wonke njengoba womabili umkhiqizi omkhulu nomthengi, inomthelela bobabiliusayizi wemakethena-Amanani entengo kagesi.
- Ukusukuma kweIzimoto zikagesiumthelela ngokungaqondile emakethe ngokwandisa isidingo seikhabhoninokusekela ukukhula komkhakha we-EAF.
- IsihluthuleloIzitayela Zemakethefaka ukwamukelwa okwandayo kwama-EAFS,Ukuthuthuka Kwezobuchwepheshe, nokugcizelela okukhulayo kokusimama.
- Abadlali abakhulu bathandaI-FRANEIN International, Tokai carbon, UNippon Carbon, I-Graphite India, futhiI-Sanggraf Internationalbabumba indawo yokuncintisana.
- -BonakalayoAmathuba Wemakethezikhona kubahlinzeki abangahlangabezana nokukhulafuna ama-electrodes we-graphite, ikakhulukaziUHP Electrodes, bese unikeza izixazululo ezizinzile.
- Ibanga le-Electrodeisici esibucayi, ngeUHP Electrodesukunikela ukusebenza okuphezulu kuqhathaniswaAmandla aphezuluAma-electrodes wezicelo ezifunwayo.
- Ucwaningo lwemakethena-Umbiko WokuhlaziywaIphrojekthi yedatha yokuqhubeka nokukhula kweI-Graphite Electrode Marketeminyakeni ezayo.
OkwethembekileInduku ye-graphiti evutha ama-electrodes, cabanga ukuhlola iminikelo yethu. Siphinde sinikeze nekhwalithi ephezuluI-graphite ye-graphite ephezuluizixazululo zezicelo ezahlukahlukene zezimboni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe bethu budlulela kuloI-electrode ephezulu yamandla we-graphiteukukhiqizwa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi sihlangabezana nezidingo zamakhasimende ahlukahlukene.
Isikhathi sePosi: 01-02-2025
