Ukuvula amandla: Izibonelelo ze-minariad zegrafu yekhabhoni kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezicelo zalo

I-carbon igrafuYinto ephawuleka ngokwenene, imbombo kumashishini amaninzi anamhlanje. Usenokuba uyazibuza ukuba yintoni eyenza le nto ibemnyama, ibonakala ilula ekhethekileyo. Ewe, eli nqaku lilapha ukuze likhanyisele ukukhanyaIzibonelelo zegrafu yekhabhoni. Ukusuka kubuchule bayo bokumelana namaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo kwiziza zayo ezikhethekileyo,I-carbon igrafuinika indibaniselwano yeempawu ezinokutshata ezimbalwa. Nokuba ngaba ungumbhali wentsimbi yentsimbi enjenge-phawu thompson, injineli efuna izinto zokusebenza eziphezulu, okanye zinomdla wokufuna ukwazi, ukuqondaI-carbon igrafuisitshixo. Njengomnini-mveliso, i-allen, esekwe e-china enemigca eyi-7 yemveliso ekhethekileyo kwiIgrafu electros kunye neemveliso zegrafu, Ndiyibonile ngokwayibophelela indlela ezi zixhobo ziguqula ngayo amashishini. Ezamathunga phesheya kwihlabathi liphela, e-USA, North Melika, eYurophu nase-Australia, kwaye ndifuna ukwabelana ngesizathu sokuba loo nto ifunwa. Eli nqaku likufanelekile ukuba lifundwe kuba liya kudadaI-carbon igrafu, cacisa izibonelelo zayo eziphambili, kwaye ikubonise indlela ekubumba ngayo ikamva.

Yintoni kanye kanye i-carbon igrafu kwaye kutheni iyinto ekhethekileyo yekhabhoni?

I-carbon igrafuyindawo entle kwaye iguquguqukayoIfom yekharbon. Cinga ngayo njengomzala onobunkunkqele kwidayimane kunye namalahle, okukwikhabhoni yekhabhoni. Zeziphi iindlelaI-carbon igrafuNgaphandle kwesakhiwo sayo seatom. NgaphakathiI-carbon igrafu, iiathom zecarbonbacwangciswe kwii-Lawers. Kwingqimba nganye, iiatom zibotshwe kakhulu kunye kwindawo ye-hexagonal (inyosi enje). Nangona kunjalo, iimbophelelo eziphakathi kwezi zingqingi zibuthathaka kakhulu- ezi ziiVan der imikhosi. Esi sakhiwo senziwe yimfihlo ifihlakeleyo emva kweI-carbon igrafuuninzi lweepropathi ezixabisekileyo, kubandakanya nokugqwesaukuzithobaamandla. Ayisiyonto enye kuphela;I-carbon igrafuyiIzixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyokwizicelo ezininzi ngenxa yeli lungiselelo likhethekileyo.

Esi sakhiwo sahlukileyo senzaI-carbon igrafueyahlukileyoIzixhobo zeCarbon Igrafu. Ngokungafaniyo ne-Amorphous yee-carbon (njengesoot okanye i-charcoal, eswele i-crystal echazwe kakuhle),I-carbon igrafuinefomu ye-crystalline. Le meko yekristali ye-crystalline inegalelo kuzinzo kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukuba ngomatshini olwenziwe kwimilo echanekileyo. Sisoloko sisebenza zombiniindalo okanye yendaloigrafu, kodwaIgrafu ye-Synthetic, yiyo le nto sivelisa ikakhulu kumzi-mveliso wethu, ivumela ulawulo olukhulu ngokucocekileyo kunye nokungaguquguquki, okukhokelela kwi-Superiipropathi zomzimba. Iubuchule begrafu yekharbonUkwenza phantsi kwemeko efunwayo kwenza ukuba ihambe-yeyokuzikhethela iinjineli kunye nabavelisi kwihlabathi liphela. Ngokwenene iIzinto eziguquguqukayo.

Igama elithile "I-carbon igrafu"Ngoko ngamanye amaxesha zinokubhekisa kudidi olubanzi lwezixhobo eziyi-carbon ikakhulu kodwa zenziwe ukuba zibonakalise iipropathi zegraphitic. Ezi zixhobo zihlala ziqala njengeI-Amorphous carbonkwaye emva koko bahloboIqondo lokushisa eliphezulus. Le nkqubo ilungelelanisa iiiathom zecarbonkwisakhiwo esibonakalayo sefomati. IsiphumoIzixhobo zeCarbon IgrafuIdibanisa amandla ekhabhoni kunye nokusebenza okwahlukileyo kwegrafu, njengokuphakamaUkuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal kunye nombanekwaye ugqibeleleUkuphatha iipropathi. Indibaniselwano yenzaI-carbon igrafuUkungabinamali kwizicelo apho ezinye izinto ezinjalointsimbiokanyeI-plastics yenjineliingasilela.

Yenziwe njani i-carbon igrafu?

Uhambo lwendlelaI-carbon igrafu yenziwaYinkqubo enkulu, enye sigqibelele kwiminyaka yethu yesi-7. Ngokwesiqhelo iqala ngezixhobo ezikhethiweyo ezikhethiweyo. Isithako esiyintloko sihlala siphezuluI-Petroleum Cokeokanye inalitii-coke, zezona ndlela zeikhabhoniithathwe kwiI-PetroleumUkucoca okanye ukulungiswa kwe-coal tal. Lei-cokeNgaba kuqalaIqondo lokushisa eliphezulukwiIoksijini-engenasimahlaImeko yokuSusa i-volatilehydrocarbons kwaye usebenzise izinto. Amabalai-cokeifakwe emva kokoiipowders kunye ne-binderszongezwa.

Inyathelo elilandelayo elibalulekileyoUkuxuba kunye nokubumba. Ii-cokeumgubo uxutywe nei-binder, rhoqo i-tet ye-tail ye-tart, eyenza njengeglue ukubamba amasuntswana e-carbon kunye. Lo mxube emva koko wenziwa ube yimo efunwayo, inkqubo ibizwaukubumbaokanye ukuphuma. Le "luhlaza"Izinto eziluhlaza) okwangokuI-carbon igrafu. Ukuyiguqula, iphantsi kwenyathelo lokubhaka egxekayo kwiInkqubo yokubhaka e-OXYGEN. Ngeli xesha lokubhaka, nto leyo inokuthatha iiveki ezininzi kwaye ifike kwiqondo lobushushu ngaphezulu kwe-1000 ° C, ii-binderibolile kwaye iguqulwe ibeikhabhoni, inkqubo eyenzelwecarbonime i-binderkwaye wenze ibhotile eyomeleleyo yecarbon-carbon yonke into. Eli nyathelo lokubhaka libalulekile ekuphumezeni amandla okuqala kwayeukuqhubela phambiliyento leyo.

Okokugqibela, kwaye ihlala ichaza kakhulu, inqanaba lokudala umgangatho ophezuluIgrafu ye-Syntheticyinguqulelo. Imilo ye-borbon ye-borbon ishushu kakhuluIqondo lokushisa eliphezulus, zihlala ziphakathi kwe-2500 ° C kunye ne-3000 ° C. Kula maqondo obushushu, akazange abe ngxakiiiathom zecarbonKwizixhobo eziqhubekayo zangaphantsi kwe-odod, ye-crystalline ye-crystalline yegrafu. Le nkqubo ye-pagraphlize iphucula kakhulu izintoUkuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal kunye nombane, Ukuzibeka ngokwakho, kwaye ukuxhathisa kwi-thermal shrick. Emva kweMidlalo, iI-carbon igrafuIinxalenye zinokwahlulwa ngakumbi kuchwethezelelo oluchanekileyo lwezicelo ezithile, ezinjeI-Ultra-ephezulu yamandla e-Eltrakwiziko lombane ze-ARC. Umgangatho wokuqalai-cokekwayei-binder, kunye nolawulo olufanelekileyo lokubhaka kunye namaqondo obushushu emizobo, ayona nto iphambili ukuvelisa ukusebenza okuphezuluI-carbon igrafu.

Yintoni ekwenza izinto zegrafu ezomeleleyo kwaye zizinzile?

Amandla kunye nokuzinza kweIzinto zegrafuziphawuleka ngokwenene, zisuke ngqo kwilungiselelo layo leatom. Njengoko benditshilo,iiathom zecarbonKwigrafikhi ilungiselelwe ngokwamaleko we-hexagonal yeflethi, edla ngokuchazwa njengamaphepha e-wire yenkukhu. Ngaphakathi kwezi zixhobo, i-atom nganye yekharbon ibotshwe ngamandla ukuya kwindawo ezintathuiiathom zecarbonngokusebenzisa amaqhina ahleliweyo. Ezi zezinye zezinto ezomeleleyo zekhemikhali ezaziwa, zenza ukuba amalungu aqaqambileyo aqaqambe kwaye alukhuni. Kungenxa yoko le ntoIzinto zegrafuunakhoi-nestsUxinzelelo olubalulekileyo lomatshini kwindiza yezi nye.

Nangona kunjalo, umlingo wokwenene uyenzeka xa ucinga ngamandlaphakathiEzi zixhobo. Ibanjwakunye nguVan Der WailsAmandla, abuthathaka kakhulu kunebhondi enamachaphaza ngaphakathi kwele nye. Oku kunokuvakala njengobuthathaka, kodwa ngokwenyani sisitshixo sokusetyenziswa komfanekiso, ngakumbiukuzithobaindalo. Ngaphandle kwaba babuthathaka be-Interlather Bonds, isakhiwo sonke sizinzile, ngakumbi kwiIqondo lokushisa eliphezulus. Ngokungafaniyointsimbis off thanften okanye inyibilike,I-carbon igrafuGcina ingqibelelo yakhiwo kunye namandla aphezulu nakwiqondo lobushushu elingaphezulu kwe-3000 ° C, ukuba ikwiIoksijini-engenasimahlaokanye imeko ye-ox-oxiding ukuthintelaoxidation.

Olu nzo lwendalo lwenzaIzixhobo zeCarbon IgrafuIlungele izicelo ezibandakanya umthwalo we-thermal kunye nemilinganiselo ephezulu yokusebenza kwiindawo ezixineneyo. IUkusebenza okuncinci kulwandiso lwe-shirmalnayo inegalelo elikhulu kuzinzo lwayo;I-carbon igrafuAyindikhuli okanye imvumelwano ngokutshintsha kobushushu, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye nomngcipheko wokuqhekeka. Yiyo le nto izixhobo ezinjeAmandla aphezulu ebhlokozixabiswe kakhulu kumashishini afuna izinto ezomeleleyo. Ukudityaniswa kweebhondi ezinamandla ze-intra-zanga kunye ne-crystalline ye-crystalline iziphumo kwiIzinto zegrafuOko kunzima kakhulu kwaye kuyathembeka.

Ngaba i-carbon igrafu inokujongana nobushushu obukhulu?

Ngokuqinisekileyo! Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyoIzibonelelo zegrafu yekhabhonikukwazi kwayo okuqinisekileyo ukwenza phantsi kweemeko zobushushu ezinobushushu, zombini ziphezulu kakhulu kwaye ziphantsi kakhulu. Xa sithetha malungaIqondo lokushisa eliphezuluizicelo,I-carbon igrafuyintshatsheli. Ayinyibiliki kwingcinezelo ye-quosmossic; Endaweni yoko, i-subilines (ijika ngqo kwi-gesi) malunga ne-3650 ° C (6602 ° F). Oku ngokuvakalayoIqondo lokushisa eliphezuluUkunyamezela kuthetha ukuba inokusetyenziswa kwiindawo apho uninzi lwezinye izinto, kubandakanya uninziintsimbis, iya kukhuthaza nje. Umzekelo, isetyenziswe kwimilo yokuthangamisa, izinto zokufudumeza, kunye nokubumba kwentsimbi etyhidiweyo. Njengomvelisi, siqinisekisa thina bethuAmalungu e-carbon greyititezenzelwei-nestsEzi meko zinzima, ezisisizathu esiphambili see-mills kunye nezicatshulwa zixhomekeke kwiimveliso zethu.

Ibali alipheli ubushushu.I-carbon igrafuikwasenza kakuhle kakhulu ngaphakathiI-Criogeniciimeko, kuthetha amaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izinto eziba brittle kwaye zityhutyha amaqondo obushushu asezantsi,I-carbon igrafuihlala ibona ukwanda kwamandla njengamaqondo obushushu. Oku kwenza ukuba ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-aerospace, ezinje ngamacandelo kwiI-rocket boosterii-nozzles ezinokufunyanwa zizinto ezipholileyo ezipholileyo zifanaioksijini yolwelo, emva koko ubushushu obukhulu kakhulu. Inokusebenza ngokufanelekileyoamaqondo obushushu aphantsiI-AS (-328 ° F) kwaye iphantsi ngqoIimeko ze-Crygenic. LeUluhlu lobushushu ngokubanziyokusebenza, ukusukaI-CriogenicUkutshisa ubushushu, yiTestamente kwiziseko zeatomI-carbon igrafu. Ukukwazi kwayoi-nestsIxhala elinjalo ngaphandle kokuthathwa okukhulu ngumqhubi ophambili wokusetyenziswa kwawo kwimizi-mveliso.

Cinga ngayo: Izixhobo zentswela-funyulwa idinga ukuphatha izinyithi ezityhidiweyo ngaphandle kokuphendula okanye ukufezekisa. BethuIgrafu yeqondo lobushushu ephezulu ngokuchaseneyo nokunyibilikaIimveliso zingumzekelo ogqibeleleyo wokufumana le ndawo. IUmda wobushushukubaI-carbon igrafuKwimeko ye-oxidic of iphantsi iphantsi, ngokwesiqhelo malunga ne-450-500 ° C (842-932 ° F), kubaioksijiniizakusabela kwiikhabhoniukwenza i-carbon diokside (oxidation). Nangona kunjalo, kwi-intert okanye i-timospheres, okanye kwi-vacuum, yayoIqondo lokushisa eliphezuluintsebenzo ayifani. Yiyo loo nto imeko yokusetyenziswa kukujonga kakhulu.

Ngaba ukuzithanda kukaCarbon umzobo wegrafu?

IukuzithobaphawulaI-carbon igrafuyenye yezona zinto zibhiyozelweyo kunye nezibonelelo ezinkulu zoomatshini. Le ndawo ivela kwisakhiwo sayo esahlukileyo se-atomic. Njengoko kuchaziwe, iibhondi ngaphakathi kwegrafiti yegrafu yomelele kakhulu, kodwa iibhondiphakathiIingqengqelo (iVer der imikhosi) zibuthathaka. Oku kuthetha ukuba iileyibhile zinokutsala ngokulula ngaphezulu komnye nomsebenzi omncinci, njengamakhadi amakhadi. NiniI-carbon igrafuisetyenziswa njengeukuthwalaokanyetywinaumphezulu, le nyathelo lokutyibilika libonelela ngendalo, eyakhelwe-ngaphakathiioyile. Oku kuthetha ukuba izintoyenziwe kwigrafu yekhabhoniinokusebenza kakuhle ngaphandle kwesidingo seoyile yangaphandle okanye iigrisi, eziluncedo ngakumbi kwizicelo apho uninzi lwezinto ezingekho uqhelekileyo azinantsingiselo okanye zingathandekiyo.

Leubuchule bokuzithobainika izibonelelo ezininzi kwiinkqubo zoomatshini. Okokuqala, ivumelaukuqhuba komileamandla. Oomatshini banokusebenza ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezingamanzi, ezibaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo apho ungcoliseko lweoyile okanye igrisi yinkxalabo (i-E.G. Okwesibini,I-carbon phygreyitingkwayetywinas inokusebenza ngesantya esiphezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu kunobuninzi obuncinciintsimbiizinto kubaI-Lubrityiyindalo kwimpahla ngokwayo kwaye ayiphumi. IUkuzibeka ngokwakhoIthetha ukuncitshiswa okuncitshisiweyo kunye nokunxiba, ukukhokelela kwicandelo elide kunye neendleko eziphantsi zolondolozo. Sisoloko siva kubathengi, njengoMarko Thompson, ukuba oku kuthembeka yinto enkulu yokuthenga.

Ngapha koko, kubaIgrafu iyazilungisa, lukhetho oluhle kakhulu kwizicelo apho ukufikelela kulondolozo kunzima okanye khona imeko yexabiso. Cinga ngeempompo ukuphatha ulwelo olufanelekileyo, okanye ukungafikelelekiukuthwalauphango lomatshini onzima. IIimpawu zokuzithobaQinisekisa ukusebenza okungaguqukiyo ixesha elide. Ukusebenza kokuUkuzithobainokuphuculwa ngokukhethwayoIbanga le-carbon graphitekwaye, ukuba kukho imfuneko, ngokubandakanya i -otharintants yesibini kwigrafuukuthambisaNgexesha lokuvelisa (nangona oku kwahlukile ekufumaneni i-fubrication yangaphandle ngexesha lokusebenza). Oku kwenzekeI-Lubrityngumyinge womdlalo kwimiceli mngeni emininzi yobunjineli.

Zeziphi izibonelelo zombane kunye ne-thermal yokuphumelela kwegrafu ye-carbon?

I-carbon igrafuNgaba umqhubi othunyelweyo wombane nobushushu, kwaye ezi ndawo ziphakathi kwesitshixoIzibonelelo zegrafu yekhabhoniOko kwenza ukuba ixabiseke. Umbane wayoukuqhubela phambiliI-Stems kwi-Eatolis eDeloced Piptrons ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo seatom. Ezi zombane azibophelelekanga ngokupheleleyoiiathom zecarbonkwaye ukhululekile ukuqhubela phambili kuzo zonke iindawo xa kusetyenziswa i-voltage yombane. Oku kwenzaI-carbon igrafuUkhetho oluqhelekileyo lwezicelo zombane ezifana ne-elektrode (ezinjengee-SHOSE ze-ARC zombane ze-ARC), iibhulukhwe zeemoto zombane, kunye nabaqokeleli abakhoyo ngoku. Iukuqhubela phambiliinokulungelelaniswa ngokulawula ubunyulu, uxinzelelo, kunye nokuqhelanisa ne-crystal yeIzinto zegrafu.

Ngokufanayo,I-carbon igrafuimibonisoukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal ephezulu. I-victions ye-bodiiathom zecarbonNgaphakathi kwiileyile kunokudlulisela ngokufanelekileyo amandla e-thermal. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubushushu bunokuqhutywa ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kumabala ashushu, ukuthintela ukuxakeka kakhulu kunye ne-thermal. Le mpahla ibalulekile kwizicelo ezinjengenzi-ntetho yobushushu, ishushu i-shart kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki, kwaye zizibumbele ekuphoseni, ukwenziwa kwemveliso ebushushu kunye nokufakwa kobushushu obufunekayo kunye nokufakwa kobushushu obufunekayo. IUkuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal kunye nombaneyeI-carbon igrafuihlala idlula eninziintsimbis, ngakumbi xa ujonga uxinzelelo lwayo olusezantsi. Umzekelo,ukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermalabanyeIbanga le-carbon graphiteIngaphezulu kune-copeper okanye i-aluminium kwisiseko se-nganye.

Indibaniselwano yeI-thermal elungileyokunye neepropathi zombane zenzaI-carbon igrafuilungele kakhulu uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo zokufunwa. Umzekelo, kwiziko lombane ze-ARC, i-electrones electrodes kufuneka iqhube isixa esikhulu sombane ukuze sinyibilike intsimbi, kwaye kufuneka naboi-nestsUbushushu obukhulu oveliswe. BethuIntsebenzo ephezulu ye-Anode Anode Clobikwazisele ezi ntlawulo zisebenzayo. Ii-thermal kunye nombaneintsebenzo, idityaniswe nayoIqondo lokushisa eliphezuluUzinzo nocwection, zenzaI-carbon igrafuIzinto ezibonakalayo kwiTekhnoloji yale mihla.

Kutheni le nto i-carbon yegrafu yegraphite iphumelele inzuzo enkulu?

I-carbon igrafuUkuchasana kwamachiza yenye yelitye lendawo yokusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nenzuzo ebalulekileyo kwizicwangciso ezininzi zeshishini. Ngokubanzi,I-carbon greyitiite yintoOko kukuthiI-InErt, oko kuthetha ukuba ayisaphenduli ngokulula ngeekhemikhali ezininzi. Oku kwenza ukuba ixhathise kakhului-corrosionUkuhlaselwa ngamachiza kuluhlu olubanzi lwee-acids, ialkalis, izinyibilikisi, kunye ne-moltennintsimbis. Oku kuyinyani ikakhulu kwii-acids ezingezizo ze-acid kunye ne-organic uninzi lwezinto eziphilayo. Olu hlaselo lubangelwa kukubini ezomeleleyo ze-Counds phakathiiiathom zecarbonNgaphakathi kwigrafiki, ekunzima kwiichemicals ezininzi ukuba ziphule.

LowomeleleyoUkuxhathisa iikhemikhaliivumelaIzinto ze-carbon graditeUkusetyenziswa kwiindawo apho ezinye izinto ziya kukhawuleza. Umzekelo,I-carbon igrafuisetyenziselwaubuso betywina, amacandelo e-Pump, kunye neenkqubo zokulinganisa ezijongana nolwelo olunoburharha okanye ezongeziweyo kwishishini lokuqhubekisa kwamachiza. Ngokungafaniyointsimbis enakhoibangela ukuvelaokanye udityaniswe zizinto ezinxibelelana nazo,I-carbon igrafuihlala ihlala iqinisekile, iqinisekisa ubunyulu bemithombo yeendaba esetyenzisiweyo kunye nokuhlala kwezixhobo. Kukho izinto ezingafaniyo; I-adudigued enamandla e-agents njenge-nitciad acid okanyei-hydrofluoricI-acid kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu anokuhlasela igrafu, kwaye i-molten alkali yentsimbi inakhoishekele(Ziinzele) phakathi kwe-phydineles. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweekhemikhali ezivela kwimizi-mveliso,I-carbon igraphUkuxhathisa ngokugqwesileyo.

Ubunyulu beIzixhobo zeCarbon Igrafuidlala indima kwinkcaso yayo yemichiza. Amabakala aphezulu, njengokuba sizabalazela ukuvelisa, ukubonisa ukumelana ngcono kuba ukungcola ngamanye amaxesha kuya kusebenza njengeendawo zokuhlaselwa ngamachiza. Oku kwenza iimveliso ezinjengethuUPURINT WEPREARE 99.9% graphite yomguboIxabiseke kwizicelo apho ihlwempu lwekhemikhali liyinto enkulu. Ukukwazii-nestsIimeko zekhemikhali ezingenantlonelo ngaphandle kokuguqulwa okukhulu zigqitywe ukuthembeka, ukuncitshiswa kokulondolozwa, kunye nobomi beenkonzo ezinde ngezixhobo, ezinobunzima bezinto ezibalulekileyo kubathengi bethu, kubandakanya nemizi-mveliso yamachiza.

Yintoni ukuvezwa kwaye kuyiphucula njani i-carbbon yegrafiti?

Ukungavavanywayinkqubo yesibini ihlala isetyenziswaI-carbon igrafuukuphucula kwayoiipropathi zomzimbakunye nokulandela izicelo ezithile. Njengoko benzayo,I-carbon igrafuNgokwemvelo unenqanaba elithileukuthambisa-I-voids encinci edityanisiweyo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sayo. Ngelixa leI-Purosity ekhoyoInokuba yingenelo kwezinye iinkqubo (njengokuzimela apho ezi powure zingabamba i-coures), inokubabuyisa abanye apho irhasi okanye i-floyling tity iyafunekaoxidationiyafuneka.Ukungavavanywakubandakanya ukuzalisa okuukuthambisaEnye into, eyaziwa ngokuba yindimithi.

Ukhetho lwendimithikuxhomekeke kwisiphumo esifunekayo. Abakholelwayo abaqhelekileyo ababandakanyaresins (njenge-phenolin okanye i-epoxy rester),intsimbi(Njengo-Antimony, ubhedu, okanye isilivere), iityuwa, okanye ezinye iindlela zekhabhoni. Umzekelo,Ukungavavanywangeresininokuphucula kakhulu amandla obuchwephesha, ubunzima, kunye nokungafezeki kweI-carbon igrafu, iyenza ilungele uxinzelelo oluphezulutywinaizicelo.Ukungahambelani kwentsimbiunokuphucula umbane kwayeukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal, yonyusa amandla, kwaye phucula ukunqanda ukunyangwa. I-AntimonyUkungavavanywa, umzekelo, ihlala isetyenziselwaI-carbon phygreyitingisebenza kwiimeko ezinzima. IUhlobo lokungangqinelaningokusisiseko utshintsha iimpawu zesisekoIzixhobo zeCarbon Igrafu.

Inkqubo yeUkungavavanywaNgokwesiqhelo kubandakanya ukubeka i-porousAmalungu e-carbon greyititeKwigumbi lokuvala ukususa umoya kwiipores, emva koko wazisa ulwelondimithi(E.G., moltenintsimbiokanye ulweloresin) Phantsi koxinzelelo ukuyinyanzela kwii-voids. EmvaUkungavavanywa, inyathelo lokunyanga okanye lokuqiniswa linokufuneka kwizixhobo ezinjeresins. Ngokukhetha isisekoIbanga le-carbon greyithekwaye indimithi, abavelisi njengathi banokwenza uluhlu olubanzi lweIzinto ze-carbon graditeNgeepropathi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zomsebenzi, ezinjengokumelana nokuphuculwa kweoxidationokanye uphuculweIimpawu zokuzithobaphantsi kwemithwalo ethile. Isivumela ukubai-factganateIzinto zokwenza oko kukuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo, ukusuka ekufumaneniubuso betywinaukuqinaukuthwalaiindawo eziphezulu. Obu buchule bokui-factganateYongeza olunye ungqimba lweI-carbon igrafu.

Isetyenziswe phi igrafu? Ukuphonononga izicelo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwibhetri ukuya kwi-booster ye-rocket.

Indibaniselwano eyodwa yepropathi enikezelweyoI-carbon igrafuiyenza ukuba ibe yinto engathandekiyoIzixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyoNgaphesheya komsebenzi omangalisayo wamashishini kunye nokusetyenziswa. YayoukuzithobaIndalo yenza ukuba ilungeleI-carbon phygreyiting, i-bushings, kunyetywinas, ngakumbi kwiimeko apho uninzi lwezinto ezingekho sesikweni ziya kusilela, njengoko kunjaloIqondo lokushisa eliphezulus, ngaphakathiIimeko ze-Crygenic, okanye kwiindawo ezinemichiza. Ezi macandelo zibalulekile kwiimpompo, iingcingo, iiturbines, kunye neentlobo zoomatshini ezisebenza, ziqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nobomi obumnandi ngolondolozo oluncinci. Amandlaukuqhuba komilengumlingane omkhulu apha.

Kwindawo yokuhlalaIqondo lokushisa eliphezuluizicelo,I-carbon igrafuInene kukhanya. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-metallicgy kunye neendawo ezinqamlezileyo (njengethuIgrafu yeqondo lobushushu ephezulu ngokuchaseneyo nokunyibilika), ukubumba, kunye ne-lececes lins ngenxa yokukwazi kwayoi-nestsUbushushu obugqithisileyo kunye nothuso lwe-thermal. Imizobo yokufudumeza ixhaphakile kwiziko le-vacuum. Imveliso ye-aerospace ixhomekeke kakhuluI-carbon igrafu, ngakumbi kwizinto ezifanaI-rocket boosterIi-nozzles kunye neecones zempumlo zemijusi, apho izixhobo kufuneka zinyamezele amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nemikhosi ekhulayo ngexesha lokusebenza. Ukuxinana kwayo okuphezulu kudityaniswa namandla aphezulu kumaqondo obushushu aphakamileyo kusenza ibe ngumgqatswa ophambili.

Ngaphandle kwezi, umbaneukuqhubela phambiliyeI-carbon igrafuIkhokelela ekusebenziseni i-electrodes ze-ARC zombane ze-ARC (iMveliso ephambili kuthi), iinkqubo ze-electrolysis (njengemveliso ye-aluminium usebenzisaiibhloko ze-anode), kwaye iibrashi zeMotors zoMbane kunye neePlayiti. Ikwasetyenziswa nakwibhetri, iiseli ze-oli, kunye nemodareyitha kwizinto zenyukliya. IsohlwayoI-Photter POLDERSivelisa sinokusetyenziswa kwii-wibiricants, iingubo ezizeleyo, kwaye njengezixhobo ezingafunekiyo kwezinye iimveliso ezisekwe kwikhabhoni. Ukusuka kwi-intrateubuso betywinaUkuthintela ukuvuza ekuvuzeni iimpompo zeekhemikhali ukuya kwi-Elesm Dolds iitoni zentsimbi, izicelo zeI-carbon igrafubaninzi kwaye basanda rhoqo njengoko iinjineli zifumanisa iindlela ezintsha zokukhuthaza okhethekileyoIzibonelelo zegrafu yekhabhoni.

Abathengi bafana noMarko: Zeziphi izibonelelo eziphambili zegrafu ye-carbon makufanelwe amagosa okuthengwa kwempahla gxila?

Amagosa okuthengwa kwempahla efana noMark Thompson, onoxanduva lokufumanaIgrafu elecliterodes kunye neemveliso ezinxulumene nokoNgeenkampani zabo, baqonde isisekoIzibonelelo zegrafu yekhabhoniKubalulekile ukuba uthathe izigqibo zokuthenga. UMarko, ekubeni uqonde ngokusemgangathweni kodwa ukufuna amaxabiso okhuphiswano, kufuneka asebenzise iindleko ngentsebenzo. Izibonelelo eziphambili zokugxila kubandakanya:

• Ukusebenza phantsi kweemeko ezigqithisileyo:Amandla eI-carbon igrafuukugcina ukuthembeka kunye neepropathi zayoIqondo lokushisa eliphezuluS (kunye neI-Criogenicezo) yindawo yokuthengisa enkulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubomi obude ngenxa yezinto ezifana ne-electrodes kwimikhono yentsimbi, ukunciphisa ixesha lokuphumla kunye nokutshintshwa rhoqo.
• Izinto zokuzithoba:Izicelo ezibandakanya iinxalenye ezishukumisayoiibheringsokanyetywinas, iukuzithobaubume beI-carbon igrafuUkuguqula ukulungiswa okusezantsi, akukho sidingo seenkqubo ze-oyile zangaphandle (ukunciphisa intsokotha kunye nokungcoliseka okunokubakho), kunye nokusebenza okuqinisekileyo. Esi sisibonelelo sokugcina iindleko ngqo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
• Ukungazithembi kweekhemikhali:Kumashishini ajongana nezinto ezinobuso, ezigqwesileyoUkuxhathisa iikhemikhaliyeI-carbon igrafuUkuthintela ukungaphumeleli ngaphambi kwexesha kwamacandelo, kuqinisekisa ubunyulu bemveliso, kwaye unciphise umngcipheko wokuvuza okanye ukuchitheka. Oku kunegalelo kukhuseleko kwaye kunciphisa inkunkuma ebonakalayo.
• Ukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal kunye nombane:Kwizicelo ezinjenge-electrodes okanye abatshintshi beshushu, obalaseleyoukuqhubela phambiliyeI-carbon igrafuUkuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa ngokufanelekileyo kwamandla, okunokukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla amazantsi kunye namaxesha okuqhubekeka ngokukhawuleza. Umgangatho weIzinto zegrafuImpembelelo ngqo ngokusebenza kakuhle.

UMark, njengabathengi abaninzi, bahlala yimithombo ekhulayo njenge China neVietnam. Ke ngoko, ngelixa iipropathi zemvelo zeI-carbon igrafuzinomtsalane, kufuneka aqinisekise kwakhona umthengisi ukuba angenise ezi zibonelelo. Oku kubandakanya ukukratsha kulawulo lwabathengisi kwinkqubo yokwenziwa, ukusuka ekukhetheni izinto ezibonakalayo (njengeI-Petroleum Cokekwayei-binder) Kwimizobo yokugqibela kunye nomatshini. Ukungqinelana kweIbanga le-carbon graphiteyinto enkulu. Ukugxila kwezi zibonelelo zibonakalayo kunceda ukulungisa utyalomali kwindawo ephezuluIimveliso ze-carbon graite, njengoko benempembelelo ekusebenzeni ukusebenza kweendleko, indleko zokugcina, kunye nemveliso epheleleyo kubathengi bayo (iimayile zentsimbi, iziseko, njl njl.).

Ukujongana neenkxalabo eziqhelekileyo: umgangatho, ukungqinisisa, kunye nezinto zezinto ze-carbon gradite

Xa kuthengwaI-carbon igrafuIimveliso, ngakumbi kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo, abathengi njengabaphawuli thompson ziyaqondakala kakuhle zineenkxalabo eziphambili. Njengomnini-fektri, uAllen, endibandakanyeke kwiingxoxo ezininzi ezithetha ngazo. Uvavanyo olusemgangathweni, iziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo, izinto ezinokuthenjwa, kunye neendlela ezikhuselekileyo zokuhlawula zingaphambili. Amanqaku eentlungu zikaMarko, anjengonxibelelwano olungalunganga kunye nokulibaziseka kwenqanawa, yimiba esisebenza ngayo yokunciphisa.

Uvavanyo olusemgangathweni kunye neZatifikethi:
Le yeyona nto iphambili. Abathengisi abadumileyo kufuneka babe neenkqubo zokulawula umgangatho. Oku kubandakanya:

• Uvavanyo lwezinto ezibonakalayo:Ukuqinisekisa iI-Petroleum Coke, i-binder, kwaye ezinye iigalelo zihlangabezana ngqo ngqo.
• I-In-fihlo itshekhi:Ukubeka iliso kwiiparamitha ezibalulekileyo ngexeshaukubumba, ukubhaka, kunye ne-pictoration.
• Uvavanyo lweMveliso yokugqibela:Qinisekisaiipropathi zomzimbaNjengoxinzelelo, amandla, ukungqubana kombane, kunye ne-ASH gwenxa kwimigangatho ekuvunyelwene ngayo.
  Ukuqinisekiswa njenge-ISO 9001 yindawo yokuqala yokuqala, kodwa inkcazo ethile yezinto ezibonakalayo okanye iingxelo zovavanyo ezichaza ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yehlabathi (i-E.G., ngokukodwaIbanga le-carbon graphiteI-electrodes) ibaluleke ngakumbi. Sisoloko sibonelela ngamaphepha eenkcukacha ezichazayo kwaye sivulelekile kuhlolo lweqela lesithathu. Siyakuqonda ukudandatheka ubuqhetseba kwesatifikethi kwaye siqinisekise ukuba onke amaxwebhu ethu aqinisekile kwaye aqinisekisiwe. Umzekelo, wethuI-UHP ye-IHPRODRODRODRODRODSyiza neengxelo zovavanyo olupheleleyo.

Izixhobo kunye noNxibelelwano:
Ukulibaziseka kokuhanjiswa kunokubangela iishedyuli zemveliso. Ulawulo olululo lwezinto lubandakanya:

• AmaXesha aFilekileyoUkubonelela ngoqikelelo oluchanekileyo ukusuka ekuqaleni.
• Ukupakisha komeleleyo:Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso zithandabuzekileI-radite yegrafu ye-incrodesokanye i-electros ezinkulu zikhuselwe ngexesha lokuhamba.
• Amaqabane athembekileyo athembekileyo:Ukusebenza kunye nemigca yokuhambisa amava kunye ne-versign.
• Unxibelelwano olusebenzayo:Ukugcina umthengi unolwazi malunga nenqanaba lokuthumela liqhosha. Sinika abameli bentengiso abazinikeleyo abaqeqeshiweyo ukunxibelelana ngokucacileyo nangokufanelekileyo, ukubonelela ngohlaziyo rhoqo kunye nokuphendula kwimibuzo. Oku kuyanceda ukuthintela uphawu lwentlungu echazwe malunga nonxibelelwano olungalunganga. Siyaqonda ukuba ngelixa uphawu lube nolwazi kwintengiso, unokungena kubuchule obunzulu bobuchwephesha, ke iqela lethu lizimisele ukucacisa iinkcukacha zobugcisa ngendlela eqondakalayo.

Iindlela zokuhlawula:
Iindlela eziguqukayo nezikhuselekileyo zibalulekile kurhwebo lwamanye amazwe. Sinikezela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya noonobumba betyala (i-L / C), ukudluliselwa kwefowuni (t / t), kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ukuqokelelwa kwamaxwebhu (d / p okanye d / a) kubathengi bobabini.

Ngokujongana nezi zinto zixhalabisayo, sijonge ekwakheni ukuthembana kwexesha elide kunye nabathengi njengoMark. Amava ethu njengomzi-mveliso onemveliso yemveliso yesi-7 kunye nerekhodi eliqinileyo lokuthengisa ngaphandle kwi-USA, kuMbindi Merika, eYurophu nase-Australia kubonakalisa ukuzibophelela kwethu kumgangatho kunye nokuthembeka kwiI-carbon igrafuishishini.

Iqhosha le-Geaways: Ixabiso eliqinisekileyo legrafu yekhabhoni

I-carbon igrafuingaphezulu nje kwento emnyama elula. Iipropathi zayo ezizodwa zenza ukuba ibe licandelo elibalulekileyo kubuchwephesha bale mihla. Nantsi i-recap ekhawulezayo yokuba kutheni ibaluleke kakhulu:

• Ukunganyangeki kobushushu obukhethekileyo:Yenza ngokuthembekileyo kokubini kakhulu kwayeI-Criogenicamaqondo obushushu apho ezinye izinto zingaphumeleli.
• Indalo yendalo:Inciphisa ukuxabana kwaye inxibe iindawo ezihambayo ngaphandle kwe-conbristants zangaphandle, ilungeleukuqhuba komileizicelo kunye nokunciphisa ulondolozo.
• Ukuqhutywa okukhulu:NgokugqwesileyoUkuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal kunye nombaneYenza kube kubaluleke kwiinkqubo zombane, ii-elektrode, kunye nolawulo lobushushu.
• Ukungavisisisisani kweekhemikhaliKakhuluI-InErtkwaye ukumelana nayoi-corrosionukusuka kwiichemicals ezininzi, ukuqinisekisa ubumnene kwiindawo ezinobunzima.
• Ukusebenza ngokuqatha ngemveliso:Iipropathi zinokulungelelaniswa kwiinkqubo ezifanaUkungavavanywa(ngeresinokanyeintsimbi) kwaye ngokulawula iIbanga le-carbon graphiteiveliswe kwizinto eziluhlazaI-Petroleum Cokekwayei-binder.
• Amandla kunye nokuzinza:I-Atomic ye-Atomic ngaphakathi kweebhanti kunye nesakhiwo esizinzileyo se-crystalline sinegalelo kububanzi bayo boomatshini kunye nokwanda komhlaba ophantsi.
• Uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo:UkusukatywinakwayeiibheringsukuyaI-rocket boosterizinto kunye negrafikhi enkulu e-Electrodes,I-carbon igrafu isetyenzisiwekuyo yonke indawo.

Njenge-allen, ukusuka kwindawo ekhokelayoUmzi mveliso wegrafikhie China, ndibone amandla eguqukoI-carbon igrafukumashishini onke. Abathengi njengoMark Thompson kunye neeNkampani emhlabeni jikelele, ukuqonda eziIzibonelelo zegrafu yekhabhoniIqhosha lokuqesha amandla alo ngokupheleleyo, ukuthembeka, kunye nezinto ezintsha. Sizimisele ukubonelela ngomgangatho ophezuluI-carbon igrafuIzisombululo zokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukeneyo nezifunwayo.