Ukuvula amandla e-carbon: i-dive enzulu kwigrafu kunye nezicelo zayo

Eli nqaku libonisa umhlaba onomdla weikhabhoni, gxininisa ngokuthe ngqo kwiigrafu, izinto ezixhaphakileyo nezibalulekileyo kumashishini amaninzi. Siza kuzithoba kwiipropathi zayo, iindlela zemveliso, kunye nezicelo ezahlukeneyo, zibonelela ngokuqonda okukhulu okwenza le nto ibalulekileyo ekufundeni umntu onomdla kwiSayensi yezixhobo, uMveliso, okanye kwindima ebalulekileyo yeikhabhoniKwilizwe lethu lanamhlanje. Ukusuka kwi-Mills yentsimbi ukuya kwiibhetri,igrafuIdlala into ebalulekileyo, ihlala ikwisiqhelo. Oku kuhlola kuyakukhanyisa loo ndima kunye nokuchaza ukuba kutheniikhabhoniNgohlobo lwegrafiki kubaluleke kakhulu.

Yintoni kanye kanye? Ukutyhila ulwakhiwo kunye neefom zekhabhoni

Igrafu yindawo yenzeka ngokwemvelo, i-crystallineIfom yekharbon. Yenye yezona zintoIifom ezizinzileyo zekhabhoniphantsi kweemeko ezisemgangathweni. Khawufane ucingeikhabhoniIi-athom zicwangciswe kwi-hexagonal lagece-yi-Block Spire Sport yegrafu. EziikhabhoniI-Atom yenza ibhondi eqinileyo ngaphakathi kwamaphepha athile, eyaziwa ngokuba yigraphene. Nangona kunjalo, iibhondiphakathiEzi ndawo zibuthathaka (van der ze-van dends), zibavumela ukuba batyibilike ngaphambili. Esi sakhiwo sahlukileyo sinika igrafu yokuthamba kwayo kunye nokuthambisa iipropathi.

IizimbiwaIgrafu yaziwa ngobuchule bayo obukhethekileyo bokuqhuba ubushushu kunye nombane. Ikwacaphukisa kakhulu kubushushu obuphakamileyo, kuyenza ilungele uluhlu olubanzi lweeshishini ezifunwayo. Cinga ngayo njengesixhobo esilungelelaniswe kakhuluikhabhoniAmashiti, apho iphepha ngalinye liqinile, kodwa isitaki ngokwaso sithambile kwaye sitywina. Esi simo sengqondo esibonakala sichasene neyona nto iphambili kwi-gramelitite ye-gramelitite.

Yenziwe njani igrafu yokwenziwa? Ukuphonononga inkqubo yemveliso

Igrafu ye-Synthetic, kwaziwa njengeigrafu yokufakelwa, iveliswa ngenkqubo yonyango ephezulu yobushushu. Izinto ezingafunekiyo, ipetroleumi-coke(i-witffaction ye-oyile i-oyile) okanye i-coal tatch pitch, zityebileikhabhoni. Inkqubo ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi:

1. Ukuxuba:IikhabhoniIzinto eziluhlaza ze-riw zixutywe ne-binder, ezinje nge-coal tapt. Oku kudala umxube we-homogenous.
2. Ukuphuma okanye ukubumba:Umxube wenziwe, nokuba ungayikhathali ngokufa okanye ngokuyifumana phantsi koxinzelelo. Oku kudala "luhlaza"igrafuiimveliso.
3. Ukubhaka:Iimveliso eziluhlaza zibhakiwe kwindawo engenasiseko yeoksijini kumaqondo obushushu ajikeleze i-1000 ° C. Le nkqubo isusa izinto eziguqukayo kwaye yomeleze umbandela.
4. I-PARAPTION:Inqanaba elibalulekileyo! Iimveliso ezibhakiweyo emva koko zishushu kakhulu ukuba ziphezulu kakhuluamaqondo obushushu ngaphezuluI-2700 ° C, ihlala ifikelela kwi-3000 ° C. Ubushushu obunzulu bubangela iikhabhoniIiatom zokuziqhelanisa ngokwabo kwi-odod, isakhiwo se-crystallineigrafu.
5. Ukungavavanywa (ngokuzithandela): Kunokwenzeka ukongeza i-resin phantsi koxinzelelo lokugcwalisa naziphi na izithuba ezisele.

Le nkqubo ephezulu yobushushu iguqula i-amorphousikhabhonikwizixhobo eziluhlaza kwi-odowe kakhulu,i-crystallineUlwakhiwo lweIgrafu ye-Synthetic. Isiphumo sisixhobo esinobunyulu obukhulu kunye nokungqinelana kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zeigrafu yendalo.

I-vs vs yendalo: Yintoni umahluko?

Ngelixa zombiniigrafu yendalokwayeIgrafu ye-Syntheticngokusisisekoikhabhoni, bahluke kakhulu kwimvelaphi yabo, isakhiwo kunye neepropathi.Igrafu yendalokwenzeka ngokwemvelo kwi-metamorphic ematyeni. Ikhethwe ngaphezulu kwezigidi zeminyaka phantsi kobushushu obuqatha kunye noxinzelelo olunzulu phakathi komhlaba. ZininziIindidi ze-crystalline yendalo, kubandakanyaI-crystalline flake igraphite, I-Amorphous Gomatite, kunye ne-Vein grafu.

Igrafu ye-Synthetic, kwelinye icala, yimveliso eyenziweyo. Yenziwe ngokusebenzisa ubushushu obuphezuluikhabhoniI-Supich Andries, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla. Le nkqubo ilawulwayo ivumela ulawulo olukhulu kwiipropathi zemveliso yokugqibela, ezikhokelela kubunyulu obuphezulu kunye nokusebenza okungaguqukiyo. Nantsi itafile eshwankathela umahluko ophambili:

Zeziphi izinto eziphambili zegrafu? Ukuqonda iimpawu zayo ezizodwa

Igrafu inendibaniselwano eyodwa yepropathi eyenza ukuba ixabiseke kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo. Ezi preties stem ukusuka kwisakhiwo sayo esihlukileyo. Nazi ezinye zezona zibaluleke kakhulu:

• Ukuqhutywa okukhulu kwe-surmal:Igrafu ngumqhubi onyanisekileyo wobushushu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ingadlulisela ngokukuko ubushushu kude nomthombo, zenza ukuba kube kufanelekile ukuba izicelo zinjengesinki eshushu kunye neembethe.
• Ukuqhutywa kombane okuphezulu:Igrafu ikwangumqhubi olungileyo wombane. Le ndawo ibalulekile ekusebenziseni kwayoigrafu electronikiUkuthengisa ienkuni kunye nezinye iinkqubo ze-electrochemical.
• I-Lubrity:Ulwakhiwo lwegrafikisi luvumela ukuba zityibilike ngokulula ngaphezulu komnye, zisinika iipropathi ezinqabileyo. Oku kwenza ukuba kube luncedo kwii-nyikity ezomileyo kunye neepensile.
• Ukungazithembi kweekhemikhali:Igrafu i-Intert ine-intert kwiikhemikhali ezininzi, oko kuthetha ukuba ayisabi-lula nangezinye. Oku kwenza ukuba ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinobuchule.
• Ukunganyangeki kobushushu obuphezulu:Igrafu inokumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu ngaphandle kokunyibilika okanye ukuphosa. I-IT I-STAMES (Inguqu ngokuthe ngqo kwi-gesi) malunga ne-3650 ° C. Oku kwenza ukuba ibe yinto ebalulekileyo yokuphicocwakiswa.
• Iipropathi zoomatshini: Igrafu isetyenziswa njengesiseko sokulinganisa ukuqina kwazo naziphi na izinto.

EziIipropathi zegrafuHlanganisa ukwenza umbandela owomeleleyo, ophola, ukuxhathisa ubushushu, ukuqhuba ngombane, kunye nezinzile ngamachiza. Oku kudityaniswa kwakutheni ukuze igrafu ifumaneke kwimizi-mveliso emininzi eyahlukeneyo.

Isetyenziswa njani igrafu kwishishini lentsimbi? Ukujonga igrafu electros

Enye yezona zicelo zibalulekileyo zegrafu zikwishishini lentsimbi, ngokukodwa kwimveliso yentsimbi esebenzisa iziko le-ARC lombane (i-imeyile). E-efs,igrafu electronikizisetyenziselwa ukuqhuba imilinganiselo yombane enkulu kufuneka inyibilike intsimbi.

Eziigrafu electronikiziqhelekile ukuba zenziweIgrafu ye-SyntheticNgenxa yobunyulu bayo obuphezulu kunye nezinto ezingaguqukiyo. I-electros kufuneka ikwazi ukumelana nobushushu obuphakamileyo, imibane enzulu, kunye nendawo engqongqo kwi-Harser Commic. IUkuqhutywa kombanekwayei-thermalIipropathi zibalulekile, kwaye ukuxhathisa kwi-oxidation yeyona nto iphambili.

I-electrone ngokuthe ngcembe ichithwa ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthambisa, ngoko ke kufuneka itshintshwe rhoqo. Umgangatho weigrafu electrodeImpembelelo ngqo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kunye nokusebenza kwendleko zenkqubo yensimbi. Izinto ezifana nokuxhathisa kombane ophantsi, phezului-thermalUkuqhutywa, kunye nokuchasana okuqinisekileyo kwe-oxidation kubaluleke kakhulu kwintsebenzo efanelekileyo.

Ngaphandle kwentsimbi: Ukuhlola ezinye izicelo ezahlukeneyo zegrafu

Ngelixa umzi-mveliso wensimbi nguMthengi omkhulu wegrafu, izicelo zayo zaphela ngaphaya koko. Nazi ezinye iindawo eziphambili apho igrafu idlala indima ebalulekileyo:

• Iibhetri:Igrafu yinto ebalulekileyo ye-lithium-i-ion-ion yebhetri, elawula yonke into kwii-smartphones kwizithuthi zombane. Yenza i-Anode (i-electrode engalunganga) yebhetri.
• I-Lubinants:Iipropathi zegraphite zikaGraphite zenza ukuba kube kufanelekile ukuba basetyenziswe kwii-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-IOTICRE eyomileyo, iigrisi, kunye neoyile. Iluncedo kakhulu kusetyenziso lwamaqondo obushushu apho uninzi lwezinto zemveli ziya kuphawula.
• IZIXHOBO:Ukuxhathisa ubushushu obuphezulu kwegrafu kuyenza ibe yinto ebalulekileyo yokwenziwa, isetyenziswe kwilines yezixhobo, i-kilns, kunye nezinye izixhobo zobushushu eziphezulu. Isetyenziswe njengokutshataizimbiwa.
• Abasebenzi beNyukliya: Igrafu ye-Syntheticisetyenziswa njengemodareyitha kwezinye iintlobo ze-curglear. Icothisa i-neutrons, inceda ekulawuleni inyukliya yenyukliya.
• Iipensile:"I-Comhoke" kwiipensile yimxube yegrafu kunye nodongwe. Ukuthamba kwegraphite kuyakuvumela ukuba ishiye uphawu ephepheni.
• Iziseko: Igrafu isetyenziselwa ukubumba, ukubonelela ngomgangatho ogudileyo wokuphoxeka.
• I-EDM (yokukhupha umbane): Igrafu electronikibaqeshiwe e-Edm ukuya kwi-metals efanelekileyo.

Olu luhlu lubonisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwegrafu. Ukusuka kwipensile yemihla ngemihla kwitekhnoloji yokuthweswa kwezithuthi zombane, igrafu idlala into eyimfuneko, ihlala ifihlakeleyo, ngendima.

Igrafu vs. diamond: into efanayo, umhlaba ohlukileyo

Igrafu kunye nedayimane bobabini bangamafunoikhabhoni, okuthethayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zento efanayo. Nangona kunjalo, iipropathi zabo zahluke kakhulu. Lo mahluko uphakama kwimibutho yabo ekhethekileyo yekristale.

• Igrafu:Njengoko siye saxoxa, igrafu inesakhiwo esinobuthathaka phakathi kweendawo. Oku kuyenza ithambe ithambile, ityibilika, kunye nomqhubi olungileyo wombane.
• Idayimani:Idayimane inomgangatho weetamimitha ezintathu, apho nganye nganyeikhabhoniiatom ibotshwe kakhuluikhabhoniiiathom. Oku kwenza ukuba kube nzima kakhulu kwaye umqhubi ophuculweyo wombane (nangona ngumqhubi obalaseleyo owomileyo).

Umahluko phakathi kwegrafu kunye nedayimane ngumzekelo obetha indlela ulungiselelo lweeatom olunokutshintsha ngayo imihlaba yento. Ngelixa zombini zenziwa ngokupheleleyoikhabhoni, izakhiwo zabo ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo zikhokelela kwizicelo ezizodwa ezahlukeneyo. Umbuzo weigrafu kunye nedayimaniichaza ngokugqibeleleyo umxholo wabafuneli. Inye ithambileyo, emnyamaioyile, elinye ilitye elinzima, eliqaqambileyo.

Yintoni igrafu? Ukuqonda ifom encinci ye-crystalline

I-Amorphous igrafuluhlobo lweigrafu yendaloingena kwi-rystalline ye-crystalline ye-crystalline efumaneka kwi-flake okanye i-vein graphite. Yindlela ye-microcrystalline yeikhabhoni, aphoikhabhoniIi-athom zilungiselelwe amaqela amancinci, akhuthazayo aqaqambileyo.

I-Amorphous igrafuNgokwesiqhelo ifom enqabileyo yeigrafu yendalo. Ihlala ifumaneka kumatshini wamalahle kwaye kukuveliswa kwemigodi yamalahle. Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwizicelo apho ubunyulu obuphakamileyo kunye ne-crystalliety ayigxeki, njenge:

• Amagama ashiyekileyo:Isetyenziselwe ukwenza indawo egudileyo kwizikhunta ze-shoscos zensimbi.
• I-Lubinants:Isetyenziswe kwizicelo eziphantsi zendlela yokusebenza.
• I-brake limings:Isetyenziswe njengezinto ezixineneyo kwi-brake lins.

NgelixaI-Amorphous igrafuayinazinto zikhethekileyo ze-crystalline igrafu, iseluphando oluxabisekileyo ngenxa yentabalala yayo kunye neendleko eziphantsi.

Ikamva leMifanekiso: I-Innovations kunye nezicelo ezikhulayo

Ibango lemifanekiso ekulindeleke ukuba liqhubeke likhula kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, eqhutywa ngeendlela eziphambili:

• Izithuthi zombane:Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemakethi yombane kuqhuba ibango elikhulu le-LIthium-ion, exhomekeke kakhulu kwigrafu.
• Ukugcinwa kwamandla:Igrafu ikwasetyenziswa kwezinye iitekhnoloji zokugcina amandla, ezinje ngeebhetri zokuhamba kunye neendawo zokuhamba.
• I-Graokne:I-Graphene, umaleko omnye weikhabhoniI-athom icwangciswe kwi-hexagonal lagece, ithathwe kwigrafu. Inepropathi engaqhelekanga kwaye iphononongwa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, kubandakanya i-elektroniki, izihlunu, kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla.
• I-carbon natoutubs: Enye indawo enomdla yokuphuhlisa.

Ezi zicelo zihlumayo, zidityaniswe nemfuno eziqhubekayo kwimizi mveliso yemveli, ziphakamisa ikamva eliqaqambileyo lefomati.

Ukukhetha umthengisi wegraphite: Ukuqwalaselwa okuphambili kokuthengwa kwempahla

Ukukhetha umthengisi ofanelekileyo ofanelekileyo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho ongaguqukiyo, ubonelelo oluthembekileyo kunye namaxabiso okhuphiswano. Nazi ezinye izinto eziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe, zibaluleke ngakumbi kumntu onjengoMarkopson, iprofayili yethu yoMthengi:

• Ulawulo lwemeko:Qinisekisa ukuba umthengisi unenkqubo engqongqo yomgangatho. IZicelo zokuCela (E.G., iMigangatho ye-ISO, inkcazo yezinto ezibonakalayo) kunye neengxelo zovavanyo ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wegrafu. Ukuhlolwa ngokucokisekileyo kubalulekile. Oku kuthetha ngokuthe ngqo kwinkxalabo kaMark malunga nomgangatho.
• Uluhlu lwemveliso:Khetha umthengisi onikezela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso zegrafu ukuze uhlangabezane neemfuno zakho ezithile. Oku kunokubandakanya amabanga ahlukeneyoigrafu electroniki(Uhp, i-HP), iibhloko zegrafu, igrafu yaziva, okanye ezinye iimveliso ezizodwa. Umthengisi ukwazini ukubonelela ngeemveliso ezifanaI-Ecpitite ePhakamileyo ye-Eclineyisalathisi esilungileyo.
• Umthamo wemveliso:Vavanya amandla omsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukuba banokufezekisa iimfuno zakho zevolumu kunye namaxesha abekiweyo. Umzi-mveliso unemigca emininzi yokuvelisa, njengaye (Allen), luphawu oluhle lokuthembeka.
• Ubungcali bobuchwephesha:Jonga umthengisi ngengcali eyomeleleyo yobugcisa onokuthi anike inkxaso kunye nesikhokelo malunga nokukhetha iimveliso zegrafu ezifanelekileyo kwizicelo zakho. UMark, ukusilela kubungcali bobuchwephesha, unokuxabisa kakhulu oku.
• Izixhobo kunye nokuThunyelwa:Qwalasela izakhono zomthengisi kunye neenketho zokuhambisa. Qinisekisa ukuba banokuhambisa iimveliso kwindawo yakho ngokufanelekileyo kwaye banexabiso ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kujongana nenqaku leentlungu zikaMarko zokuThiba kweNtlawulo.
• Unxibelelwano:Khetha umthengisi ngeziteshi zonxibelelwano ezicacileyo neziphendulayo. Unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo lubalulekile ekusombululeni nayiphi na imiba okanye inkxalabo ngokukhawuleza. Oku kukhathazeka ngokuthe ngqo kunxibelelwano olungalunganga.
• Amaxabiso:Ngelixa umgangatho ophambili, amaxabiso ikwayinto ebalulekileyo. Thelekisa amaxabiso kubathengisi abahlukeneyo, kodwa yibani ngamaxabiso aphantsi kakhulu kunomndilili wentengiso, njengoko oku kunokubonisa umgangatho osezantsi. Phawula ukuba uphakathi komgangatho kodwa ujonge amaxabiso akhuphisana.
• Amava: Umboneleli othunyelweyo kwingingqi yakho, njengamava am e-USA, emantla eMelika, eYurophu nase-Australia, ubonakalisa ukuqonda imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezinto ezibonisa ukuba zenziwa iMigangatho yeHlabathi kunye neSebe.
• Ifektri: Ukujongana ngqo nomzi-mveliso, ngokuchasene nomhambisi, unokude ukhokela amaxabiso angcono kunye nonxibelelwano ngokuthe ngqo.

Ngokuzibandakanya ngononophelo ezi zinto, amashishini anokukhetha umthengisi othembekileyo othembekileyo ohlangabezana neemfuno zabo ezithile kwaye ubanceda ukuba bafezekise iinjongo zabo zeshishini. Qwalasela umthengisi ngengcaliI-Ultra-ephezulu yamandla e-Iltradeimveliso.

ISISHWANKATHELO

• Igrafu yinguqulelo yokuguquguqukaIfom yekharbonngesakhiwo esahlukileyo.
• Iipropathi zayo zibandakanya ukuphakamai-thermalUkuqhutywa kombane, i-yetha, ukungangqinelani kwamachiza, kunye nokuxhathisa kobushushu obuphezulu.
• Igrafu ye-Syntheticyenziwe ngenkqubo yobushushu obuphezulu, ihambisa ubunyulu obuphezulu kunye nokungaguquguquki kunokubaigrafu yendalo.
• Igrafu electronikizibalulekile kwimveliso yentsimbi kwiziko lombane le-ARC.
• Igrafu inezinye izicelo ezininzi, kubandakanya iibhetri, i-lestiries, i-coceractors, kunye ne-nyukliya.
• Ukukhetha umthengisi wegrafu enokuthenjwa kuqwalaselwa ngononophelo kumgangatho, amandla, ubungcali bobuchwephesha, izinto kunye nonxibelelwano.
• Umahluko kwiikhabhoniIsakhiwo seatom sinika igrafu iimpawu zayo ezizodwa.
• Iimveliso zegrafuYiba neentlobo ngeentlobo zokusetyenziswa, kubandakanya usetyenziso lweqondo lobushushu obuphezulu.
• Ukufumana umthengisi olungileyo ukusuka eChina, njengam, ungathetha ngokuthe ngqo inkxalabo yokuthenga, njengoko ibalaselisiwe yiprofayile ye-thompson, kunye noncedoI-graphite yegrafu ye-graphite ye-electrodes.