Igrafikhi ephezulu ivakala: iqhawe elingaqhelekanga lezicelo zobushushu

Kumzi-mveliso apho amaqondo obushushu akhula kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, ukufumana izixhobo ezinokuthintela ubushushu ngelixa ubonelela ngemisebenzi ebalulekileyo. KulaphoI-program yeqondo eliphezulu lazivaAmanyathelo okwindawo ebonakalayo. Eli nqaku ligqogqa nzulu kwihlabathi legrafire laziva, ehlolisisa iipropathi zalo ezizodwa, izicelo ezahlukileyo, kwaye kutheni kunokuba njaloikhabhoni kunye negrafuisisombululo osifuna. Ukuba ubandakanyeka kumashishini njenge-menturgy, indawo yokusebenza, okanye itekhnoloji yebhetri, ukuqonda igrafu evakalelwa kukuba kubalulekile ukuba le nto inokuthi iguqule njani imisebenzi yakho.

1. Ithini kanye kanye le ncwadana? Kutheni le nto ingubushushu obuphezulu superster?

Igrafu yaziva iyinto enomdla, ihlala ingabonakali kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso yeTekhnoloji ephezulu kunye neyobubi. Khawufane ucinge ngendwangu ethambileyo, eguqukayo, kodwa endaweni yekotoni okanye uboya, yenziweikhabhoniIintsinga, ziqwalaselwe phezuluamaqondo obushushuukubayiigrafu. Olu tshintsho lunika iipropathi ezimangalisayo, zenza ukuba kube yi-superstar eyinyani. Ibango layo le-dume lukhethekileI-insubsm ye-thermalIzakhono, ngakumbi kwiimeko ezinobushushu. Cinga ngezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwimigca yentsimbi okanye izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kwiilebhu - ezi ndawo zifuna izixhobo ezinokugcina ubushushu apho kufanele ukuba ibe khona, kwaye yile nto kanyeigrafu yazivaegqithisile kwi.

Kodwa kutheniigrafu yazivaNgaba kulungile ekuphatheni ubushushu? Ibila phantsi kwisakhiwo sayo esikhethekileyo kunye nokwenziwa kwayo. IikhabhoniIintsinga, emva kokuba ziphathwe ngobushushu, phuhlisa isakhiwo segraphicic. Lo msebenzi unikaigrafu yazivaindibaniselwano eyodwa yepropathi: Ilula kodwa iqinile, iguqukile kodwa iqine, kwaye eyona ibaluleke kakhulu, ngokunganyangekiyo ukuya phezuluamaqondo obushushu. Xa kuthelekiswa nemveliukufakwaizixhobo,igrafu yazivainokumelana kakhuluamaqondo obushushungaphandle kokukhathaza okanye ukuphulukana nayoukufakwaiipropathi. Oku kukwenza ukuba ingabandakanyeki kwizicelo apho ezinye izinto ziyanyibilika okanye zisilele. Kwaye, imeko ye-fibrous yewazivaUkugibisela umoya, ukwandiswa ngakumbi kwayoI-insubsm ye-thermalamandla.

2. URayon Director waziva e-vs. I-pan thop imvakalelo: Yintoni umahluko kwaye ngubani olungileyo kuwe?

Xa uqala ukujongaigrafu yaziva, Uya kudibana ngokukhawuleza iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili:I-rayon phygreite yazivakunye ne-panigrafu yaziva. Zombini zizinto zeIkhabhoni kunye negrafu yaziva, kodwa zenziwe ngezinto ezahlukeneyo zangaphambili -rayonkunye nePolyacylonlonitringring (Pan) yeentsinga ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye ube neempawu ezahlukeneyo, ezenza bazilungele izicelo ezahlukeneyo. Ke, nguwuphi umahluko wokwenene, kwaye ukhetha njani phakathi kwabo?

I-rayon phygreite yazivaifunyenwerayon, ifayibha esekwe iselfowuni. NinirayonI-fibers inyangwa yinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-carbonization kunye ne-picborication, iguqulaI-rayon phygreite yaziva. Olu hlobo lwewazivaihlala ithandwaUcoceko oluphezulukunye neendleko eziphantsi. Iyaziwa kakhuluI-insubsm ye-thermalIipropathi, ngakumbi ngaphakathivacuumiindawo ezihlala Kwelinye icala, ipaniigrafu yazivaiqala ngeentsinga zePolyacynikaimitritritritritring, i-polymer yokwenziwa. Pan-esekwewazivaNgokubanzi iyachuma amandla aphezulu kunye neUmxholo wekhabhoni ephezuluemva kokulungiswa. Ihlala ibonakalisa ngconoi-thermalkunye nombaneukuqhubela phambilikuthelekiswa neI-rayon phygreite yaziva.

Ukhetho phakathiI-rayon phygreite yazivakunye ne-panigrafu yazivaihlala ixhomekeke kwiimfuno ezithile zesicelo. UkubaUcoceko oluphezulukwaye ugqibeleleUkufakwa kwi-vacuumzizinto eziphambili,I-rayon phygreite yazivaihlala ihamba-hamba. Ihlala isetyenziswaIziko le-vacuum, Iziko legesi le-inter, kwaye ngokubanziIqondo lobushushu ephezulu kwi-vacuum. Ukuba amandla, ukuqina, kunye nokuphuculwaukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermalzibaluleke kakhulu, panigrafu yazivainokukhetha. Umzekelo, phayaibhetriIzicelo ezinjeibhetri yokuhambaIinkqubo, okanye apho uxinzelelo lwendlela yeyomkhethe yinto, ipaniwazivainokuba yinto engcono. Imalunga nokuvavanya iimpembelelo kunye nohlobo ngalunye olusekwe kwiimfuno zakho ezithile.

Nantsi itafile yokuthelekisa ekhawulezileyo:

3. Kufunyanwa njani igrafu?

Imfihlo emvaI-graphtite yazivainomtsalaneI-insubsm ye-thermalUbuxoki kwisakhiwo sayo esikhethekileyo kunye neepropathi zemvelo zeikhabhoni kunye negrafu. Khawufane ucinge inethiwekhi emnyamaikhabhoniIintsinga, ezinxibeleleneyo kwaye zakhiwe ukwenza indiziva. Olu lwakhiwo luntsonkothileyo lubalulekile kwi-pubse shushu kunye nokuthintela ukudluliselwa kwayo. Cinga ngayo njengengubo esebenzayo kakhuluamaqondo obushushu.

Esona sizathu siphambiliI-insubsm ye-thermalNgaba umoya ubanjiwe ngaphakathiwazivaUlwakhiwo. Umoya ngumqhubi osisiqhulo esibubushushu, kunye neepokotho ezimbi ze-ream ezincinci ngaphakathiigrafu yazivaNgokuphathelele ukunyuka kobushushu obuphambili. Ngapha koko, iikhabhoniIipiyirs ngokwazo zinezantsiukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal, ngakumbi kwicala elijikelezileyo kwisifundo seFizibe. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubushushu bokuhambahamba ukuya kwii-fibers kunye newaziva. Ukudityaniswa komoya obanjiweyo kunye nefibre ephantsiukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermalYenza impumelelo kakhuluI-insubsm ye-thermalisithintelo.

Ngapha koko,igrafu yazivaihlala isetyenziswavacuumokanyeI-InErt Imozuluiimeko, zandise ngakumbiukufakwaintsebenzo. Kwivacuum, Kukho irhasi encinci yokuqhuba ubushushu, kwayeigrafu yazivaIibhloko zokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ubushushu obushushu. NgaphakathiIziko legesi le-inter,I-InErtImozulu ithintela i-oxidition yeikhabhoniIintsinga eziphezuluamaqondo obushushu, ukuvumela iwazivaukugcina kwayoukufakwaiipropathi zangexesha elide. Oku kwenzaigrafu yazivaeyona nto ilungileyoUkufakelwa kwencwadiIzinto ezifuna ukutyaIqondo lokushisa eliphezuluizicelo.

Amandla aphezulu e-phreyini yebhloko yezicelo ezahlukeneyo.

4. Kutheni le nto i-carbon yomxholo obalulekileyo kwi-Igrafitite ephezulu yaziva?

IUmxholo we-carbonngaphakathiigrafu yazivayinto ebaluleke kakhulu emiselweyo, ngakumbi ngaphakathiIqondo lokushisa eliphezuluiindawo ezihlala NgaphezuluUmxholo we-carbonngokubanzi iguqula ukuphuculwaUzinzo lwe-thermal, iphuculwei-thermalkunye nombaneukuqhubela phambili, kwaye ukumelana ngcono kwi-oxidation kwiI-InErtI-ATMOSPHERES. Cinga ngeUmxholo we-carbonNjengobunyulu kunye nesalathiso samandlaigrafu yaziva.

Ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenziwa, i-precurs fibers (njengerayonokanye i-pan) inyangwa-thathwa ukuba isuswe-ikhabhoniIzinto kunye nokukhuthaza ubuchwephesha. NgaphezuluUmxholo we-carbon, Okukhona luyinkqubo epheleleyo ye-PARAGEIgrafu, yindlela eyakhiwe kakhulu yeikhabhoni, imiboniso ephezulu kakhului-thermalkunye neepropathi zombane xa kuthelekiswa neefom ezihlawulelwayoikhabhoni. Ke ngoko,igrafu yazivangeUmxholo wekhabhoni ephezuluIngaphumela ngokubanzi ekufumaneniIqondo lokushisa eliphezuluizicelo.

Izicelo ezifuna ukugqithisaUzinzo lwe-thermalkunye nokusebenza ngaphakathiIziko le-vacuumokanyeIziko legesi le-inter, ukukhethaigrafu yazivangeUmxholo wekhabhoni ephezuluihlala iyingenelo. Iqinisekisa izinto ezibonakalayo zinokukhulisa ixesha elideamaqondo obushushungaphandle kokuthambisa okukhulu okanye ukuphulukana kwayoI-insubsm ye-thermalokanye ezinye iipropathi ezinqwenelekayo. NgelixaUmxholo wekhabhoni ephezuluihlala iza neendleko eziphezulu kancinane, intsebenzo ephuculweyo kunye nobomi obude zinokucacisa utyalomali, ngakumbi kwiinkqubo ezibalulekileyo zemizi mveliso. Umzekelo, ngaphakathivacuum metirggyiinkqubo, ukugcina okungaguqukiyoubushushukunye neatmosfera ibalulekile, kwayeUmxholo wekhabhoni ephezulu wazivaIgalelo elikhulu ekufezekiseni oku.

5. Igrafu yaziva kwi-vacuum yezixhobo ze-vacuum kunye nezixhobo zegesi ze-inter: Umdlalo owenziwe kwizulu eliphezulu lobushushu?

Igrafu yazivakwayeIziko le-vacuum kunye nezixhobo zegesiNgokwenene ngumdlalo ogqibeleleyo, owenza ilitye lebala labaninziIqondo lokushisa eliphezuluiinkqubo zemveliso. Iipropathi ezizodwa zeigrafu yaziva, ngakumbiI-insulli ye-thermal kwi-vacuum kunye ne-intertI-ATMOSPHs kunye nokuxhathisa ukugqithisaamaqondo obushushu, yenze into engenakuphikwa kwezi ntlobo zeiziko. Khawufane ucinge ukuzama ukusebenza aIsiko le-vacuumngaphandle kokusebenzaukufakwa-Uya kuba namandla ngokungafanelekanga kwaye kunzima ukugcina okufunekayoubushushu.

NgaphakathiIziko le-vacuum, ukungabikho komoya kuphelisa ukutshintshelwa kobushushu ngenkokeli kunye nokuchulumanisa igesi. Udluliso lwe-rabring rab lube lulawulo.Igrafu yaziva, iphantsi kwayoukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermalkunye nokukwazi ukufunxa kunye nokusasaza ubushushu obuqaqambileyo, izenzo njengesebenzayo kakhuluI-insubsm ye-thermal. Inciphisa ilahleko yobushushu evela kwindawo eshushu, ivumela iisithando somliloukufikelela kwaye ugcine phezuluamaqondo obushushuNgegalelo lamandla amancinci. Ngokufanayo, ngaphakathiIziko legesi le-inter, aphoIrhasi ye-InertNjengo-Argon okanye i-nitrogen isetyenziselwa ukuthintela i-oxidation,igrafu yazivaibonelela inqaku elibalulekileyoI-insubsm ye-thermalNgelixa ihambelana neI-InErt Imozulu. IIrhasi ye-InertQhagamshela ngakumbi ixesha lokuphila kweigrafu yazivangokuthintela i-oxiding ephezuluamaqondo obushushu.

Ukusetyenziswa kweigrafu yazivangaphakathiIziko le-vacuum kunye nezixhobo zegesiixhaphakile kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kubandakanyaI-metal, ii-ceramatesukuqhubekeka, kunye nemveliso yezixhobo eziphambili. Ukusuka kubushushu bezinto ze-aerospace zeIziko le-vacuumukonakalisa i-ceramics kwiIziko legesi le-inter, igrafu yazivaiqinisekisa ngokufanelekileyo nangokuthembekileyoIqondo lokushisa eliphezuluukuqhubekeka. Amandla ayo okumelana ngokugqithileyoamaqondo obushushuKwezi meko zilawulwayo zenza ukuba kube yinto ebalulekileyo kwezi zicelo zifunwayo. Indibaniselwano yeigrafu yazivakunye nemozulu elawulwaizikoyenza ukuba ichanekileubushushuUkulawulwa kunye nokusebenza kwamandla, nokuba kubaluleke kakhulu ekuveliseni izixhobo ezisemgangathweni kunye nezinto.

6. Yintoni eyenza igrafu iva umxholo ofanelekileyo wokufumana izicelo zerhulanks?

Ngelixaigrafu yazivaNgokuyintloko iyaziwa ngeloI-insubsm ye-thermal, ikwabonisa umdlaukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermalIipropathi ezixabisekileyo kwizicelo ezithile. Nangona iyoukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermaliphantsi kunesomeleleyoigrafu, oko kukukhulungaphezulukunabanye abaninziukufakwaIzixhobo, ngakumbi kwizikhombisi ezithile. Olu phawu lubalulekileyo luyenza iluncedo kwiimeko aphobiniI-insubsm ye-thermalkwaye ukungavisisani kobushushu obufunekayo kuyadingeka.

IUkuqhubela phambili kwegrafuNgaba i-anisotropic, intsingiselo iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwicala lokuhamba kobushushu. Ukuqulunqwa kobushushu kusebenza ngakumbi kwindiza yewazivaIingcelele kunobukhulu. Lo mkhombandlelaukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermalInokuba yingenelo kwizicelo apho ubushushu kufuneka busasazeke okanye zitshintshe kwicala elithile ngelixa usabonelela ngokubanziI-insubsm ye-thermal. Umzekelo, kwezinyeibhetriUyilo okanye abatshintshi beshushu,igrafu yazivainokusetyenziselwa ukuqhuba ubushushu kude nezinto ezibalulekileyo ngelixa ngaxeshanyeukuphangaiindawo ezingqongileyo.

Ngapha koko, iukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermalyeigrafu yazivainokulungelelaniswa ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile ngokuhlengahlengiswa koqhelwaniso lwe-fibern, ukungcungcutheka, kunye nokulungisa iiparamitha ngexesha lemveliso. Oku kuvumela iinjineli ukuba zenze kakuhlei-thermalukusebenza kweigrafu yazivaIimfuno ezizodwa zesicelo. Ngelixa kungenjalosebenzaNjengokuqinileyoigrafu electrodeizixhobo,I-graphtite yazivaindibaniselwano ye-Moredralukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermalkwaye ugqibeleleI-insubsm ye-thermalivula amathuba ahlukileyo kwii-thermalUlawulo kunye nokudweliswa kobushushu, ngakumbi ngaphakathiIqondo lokushisa eliphezulukunye nendawo elawulwa yemozulu. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kunye nokuvumelanisa kwayo kuyavumela ukuba isetyenziswe kwimilo entsonkothileyo kunye nezithuba apho ziqinileigrafuinokuba yinto engenakwenzeka.

7. Ngaphaya kwemiqitha

NgelixaIziko le-vacuum kunye nezixhobo zegesizezicelo eziphambili, ukutshintsha kweigrafu yazivainda ngaphaya njeiziko. Ukudityaniswa kwayo okwahlukileyo kwepropathi kwenza ukuba kubekwe luluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini, kubandakanyaI-metal, ukugcina amandla, ukuqhubekisa kwamachiza, kunye ne-aerospace. Makhe sihlolisise ezinye zezi nkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

NgaphakathiI-metal, ngaphandlei-suby, igrafu yazivaisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezinjenge-aluminium yokuphosa kunye nokuhlaziywa kwentsimbi. YayoIqondo lokushisa eliphezuluUkuxhathisa kwayeI-InErtIndalo iyenza ifanelekile ukuqhuba izinyithi ezityhidiweyo kunye nokuthintela ungcoliseko. Kwindawo yokugcina amandla, ngakumbi kwi-AdvancedibhetriIitekhnoloji ezinje nge-resoxibhetri yokuhambaiinkqubo,igrafu yazivaisebenza njengei-electrodeisixhobo. Yayosebenzaindalo,indawo ephezulu, kwaye ukonakala kubalulekile ekugcineni amandla afanelekileyo kunye nokuguqula ngaphakathiIibhetri zokuhamba.

Ngaphaya kwezi,igrafu yazivaFumana izicelo kwiI-insubsm ye-thermalIindlela eziphezulu zobushushu, njengecandelo kwiiseli zepetroli, kwaye njengeUkufakelwa kwencwadikwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokufudumeza. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kwayeKulula ukusikaIndalo iyavumela ukuba ifakwe ngokulula kwaye ihlelwe kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo. Kuphando nophuhliso,igrafu yazivaisetyenziswa kwiseti yovavanyo efunaIqondo lobushushu ephezulu kwi-vacuumokanyeI-InErt Imozulu. Indalo yayo ephosakeleyo kwaye ilungelei-thermalintsebenzo yenza ukuba ilungele ukudala isebenza ngokufanelekileyo necompacti-thermaliinkqubo. Uphuhliso oluqhubayo lwezixhobo eziphambili kunye neetekhnoloji ziyaqhubeka nokutyhila ukusetyenziswa okutsha nokuyisebenzisaigrafu yaziva, eqinisa isikhundla sayo njengento ebalulekileyo kumashishini amaninzi.

I-proulty ratity phrite powder yokufumana izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zemizi mveliso.

8. Ukujonga iRayon ive iimfuno zakho? Ukuqonda iipropathi zayo ezizodwa kunye nezibonelelo.

URayon waziva, ngokukodwaI-rayon phygreite yaziva, ibambe indawo ekhethekileyo ngaphakathiigrafu yazivausapho ngenxa yeepropathi zalo ezizodwa ezivela kwiI-rayon esekweI-PRECURE. Ukuqonda ezi ndawo zibalulekile xa ucingaURayon wazivakwizicelo ezithile. Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili zeI-rayon phygreite yazivayiyoUcoceko oluphezulu. IrayonI-PREUROR, emva kokucocwa kunye nokulungisa, iziphumo kwiigrafu yazivangeUmxholo ophantsikunye nokungcola okuncinci. LeUcoceko oluphezuluibaluleke ngokukodwa kwizicelo apho ungcoliseko yinkxalabo, efana ne-semicondcucys okanye iintlobo ezithile zeI-metal.

Esinye isibonelelo esibalulekileyo seI-rayon phygreite yazivailunge kakhuluI-insullofal ye-vacuum. Yenza kakuhle kakhulu njengokoUkufakwa kwiziko le-vacuumkunye nezinyevacuumiindawo ezihlala IUkuqhubela phambili kwe-rayon yeraliNgokwesiqheloisezantsikunepaniigrafu yaziva, yenze isebenze ngakumbiI-isulator ye-thermal, ngakumbi phezuluamaqondo obushushungaphakathivacuum. Kungenxa yoko le ntoI-rayon phygreite yazivaihlala iluhlobo olukhethiweyoIsiko le-vacuumlinings kwayeIqondo lobushushu ephezulu kwi-vacuum.

Nangona kunjalo,I-rayon phygreite yazivangokubanzi inamandla asezantsi ngendlela kwayeindawo esezantsi yomphezulu kunye nokunganyanye kwe-oxidationkuthelekiswa nepaniwaziva. Ikwachaphazeleka nangakumbi kwioxidizeemoyeni phezuluamaqondo obushushuUkuba ayikhuselwa kakuhle yiI-InErt Imozuluokanyevacuum. Ke ngoko,I-rayon phygreite yazivailungele ukusetyenziswa kwezicelo aphoUcoceko oluphezulu, NdigqwesileUkufakwa kwi-vacuum, kwaye iimfuno zoomatshini eziphakathi zezona zinto ziphambili, ezifanaIziko le-vacuum, Iziko legesi le-inter, kwaye iintlobo ezithile zeUnyango lobushushuIinkqubo eziqhutywa kwi-Adsmosges elawulwayo.

9. Ubungakanani begrafine yaziva njani buyichaphazela njani intsebenzo yayo?

Iubukhuluyeigrafu yazivayiparameter ebalulekileyo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo yayoI-insubsm ye-thermalUkusebenza kunye nokufaneleka kwezona zicelo. Ngokubanzi, kuqalileigrafu yazivaibonelela ngconoI-insubsm ye-thermal, kodwa inokuchaphazela nezinye izinto ezifana nokuguquguquka kunye neemfuno zesithuba. Cinga ngeubukhuluNjengokuhambelana ngqo nenqanaba leI-insubsm ye-thermalUnokufezekisa.

Umaleko weigrafu yazivakuthetha indlela emide yobushushu yokuhamba, kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuhanjiswa kobushushu. Kungenxa yokubaI-insubsm ye-thermalInxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nobukhulu bezinto ezibonakalayo kwaye zihambelana kakhuluukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal. Ke ngoko, ukufezekisa amanqanaba aphezuluI-insubsm ye-thermal, ngakumbi kakhuluamaqondo obushushu aphezulu, usebenzisa i-thickerigrafu yazivaihlala iyimfuneko. Umzekelo, ezinkuluIziko le-vacuumukusebenza kakhuluamaqondo obushushu aphezulu(E.G., 3000 ℃ okanye i-5432 ℉), imigca emdaka yeigrafu yazivazibalulekile ukuze zinciphise ilahleko yobushushu kunye nokugcina ukusebenza kwamandla.

Nangona kunjalo, ukwandisa iubukhuluikwanazo ezinye zentengiso. ThakewazivaIngaguquguquka kancinci kwaye ayinakuvumelana ngokulula kwimilo enzima. Ikwathatha indawo engaphezulu, enokuba yinkxalabo kwiingcongconi zezixhobo. Ngapha koko, kakhuluwazivaisenokungasoloko iyimfuneko, ngakumbi ezantsiamaqondo obushushuokanye kwizicelo apho indawo inomda. Ke, ukhetha efanelekileyoubukhuluyeigrafu yazivakubandakanya ukulinganisa okufunekayoI-insubsm ye-thermalUkusebenza ngezinto ezinjengeengxaki zendawo, iimfuno zokuguquguquka, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwexabiso. Imalunga nokufumana eyona ifanelekileyoubukhuluibonelela ngenqanaba elifunayoI-insubsm ye-thermalngaphandle kokulalanisa ezinye izinto ezinobuzaza kwisicelo.

10. Ndikhangela i-proit proiterate ephezulu? Yintoni ekufuneka uyiqwalasele kwizicelo zokufuna.

Ukuze ufumane izicelo, ngakumbi kumashishini anjengemveliso ye-semiconductor, amandla enyukliya, kunye nenkqubela phambili phambiliii-ceramatesukuqhubekeka,I-prointer proite ePhezulu yeGunyaihlala ifuneka.Ubunyulungaphakathiigrafu yazivakubhekiswa kukungabikho kokungcola, ezinje ngo-Ash, izinyithi, kunye nezinye-ikhabhoniizinto. Ezi zinto zingcolileyo zinokuchaphazela kakubi ukusebenza, ngakumbi kwiamaqondo obushushu aphezuluokanye kwiindawo ezibuthathaka. Xa UfunaI-prointer proite ePhezulu yeGunya, Izinto ezininzi zifuna ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo.

Okokuqala, izinto zangaphambili zidlala indima ebalulekileyo.I-rayon phygreite yazivayenzeka ngokwakhoUkucoceka okuphezulukunepaniigrafu yazivaNgenxa yobume berayonI-PRECURE. Ke ngoko, kwi-ultra-upubunyuluiimfuno,I-rayon esekwe igrafu yazivaihlala iluhlobo olukhethiweyo. Okwesibini, inkqubo yokuphuhlisa ibalulekile. Amanyathelo okuhlambulula, anjeIqondo lokushisa eliphezuluUkucocwa kwegesi kunye nokukhutshelwa kwe-acid, baqeshelwe ukususa ukungcola kwaye kufezekise iubunyuluamanqanaba. Abavelisi abadumileyoI-prointer proite ePhezulu yeGunyaNgokwesiqhelo babonelela ngeenkcukacha ezicacileyoubunyulu, kubandakanya umxholo we-ASh kunye nohlalutyo lwezinto.

Okwesithathu, qwalasela iimfuno ezithile zesicelo. Inqanaba leubunyuluIyafuneka iya kuxhomekeka kubuntununtunu benkqubo. Umzekelo, izicelo ezikwi-nuclear reactors okanye i-semicondcuctor wafferUcoceko oluphezuluUkuthintela ungcoliseko kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo. Okokugqibela, zilungiselele iindleko eziphezuluI-prointer proite ePhezulu yeGunya. Amanyathelo ongezelelweyo okucoca kunye namanyathelo olawulo lomgangatho anyusa iindleko zemveliso. Nangona kunjalo, kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo aphoubunyuluNgaba ikaramount, utyalomali ngaphakathiI-prointer proite ePhezulu yeGunyaihlala ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza kunye nokuthintela ukusilela kwexabiso okanye imicimbi yokungcola. Soloko ucela kwaye ujonge uMvelisiubunyuluAmaphepha edatha kunye neziqinisekiso zokuqinisekisa iwazivadibana ngqo ngqoubunyuluiimfuno.

Igrafu yeqondo lobushushu ephezulu imbumbulu ekutyibilikeni.

11. Igrafu yaziva

Ewe,igrafu yazivayaziwa ngokuba yiKulula ukusikaIzixhobo, eziluncedo olubalulekileyo xa kufikwa kuze kudala ngokwezifisoi-thermalIzisombululo. Imeko yayo yefrabus kunye nethambileyo ivumela ukuba incitshiswe ngokulula, ibekwe, kwaye isekwe kusetyenziswa izixhobo zokusika ezizenziweyo njengesikere, izixhobo, okanye izixhobo zokusika. LeKulula ukusikaIsimo sengqondo siyingenelo ikakhulu ekufakweni kwe-prototyping, ukufakelwa kwesiko, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemilo ezintsonkothileyo okanye ezingezizo ezona zinto zingezizoI-insubsm ye-thermal.

Khawufane ucinge ukuba ufunashanaisiqwenga sezixhobo ezinamanqaku angaqhelekanga okanye alinganeukufakwakwindawo eqinileyo. Ngeigrafu yaziva, unokusicheba ngokulula kwimilinganiselo ngqo kunye nobume obufunekayo, ukunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba kufanelekile. Oku kuthelekiswa nengqongqoukufakwaIzixhobo ezinokuthi zifune izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokusika okanye zibe nzima ukubekwa ngokuchanekileyo. IKulula ukusikaubume beigrafu yazivaYenza lula ukufakela kunye nolondolozo. Ingancitshiswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ihlengahlengiswe kwindawo, yokonga ixesha kunye nomsebenzi.

Ngapha koko, ukuguquguquka kweigrafu yazivaihambelana nayoKulula ukusikaIpropathi. Ingasongelwa ngokulula kumphezulu ojiweyo, osongelwe kwiikona, kwaye ucinezele kwizithuba, ukubonelelaI-insubsm ye-thermalNokuba ngamajoni anzima. Indibaniselwano yeKulula ukusikakunye neempawu eziguquguqukayo zenzaigrafu yazivaumxholo oguquguqukayo kakhulu wokwenza ngokwezifisoi-thermalIzisombululo kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, kwizixhobo zelebhu kumashishini anemizi-mvelisoizikonangaphaya koko. Nokuba ufuna iimilo ezilula okanye uyilo oluntsonkothileyo,igrafu yazivainika ithuba lokutya oluyimfuneko ekulungelelanisweI-insubsm ye-thermalIzisombululo.

I-fatring ephambili: Igrafu yaziva ibalulekile

• Inkunkuma ephezulu yeqondo lobushushu:Igrafu yaziva igqwesa kwiindawo ezinobushushu, ukubonelela ngesihlokoI-insubsm ye-thermalukuya kwi-3000 ° C (5432 ℉) ngaphakathivacuumokanyeI-InErt Imozulu.
• Rayon vs. pan:I-rayon phygreite yaziva inikezelwaUkucoceka okuphezulukwaye ungconoUkufakwa kwi-vacuum, ngelixa i-pan pireite yaziva ibonelela ngamandla aphezulu kwayeukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal.
• Indlela yokufakelwa:Isakhiwo sayo sefibul siyigibisela umoya kwaye sinciphise i-shed drive, esenza ukuba ibe yinto ephezuluI-isulator ye-thermal.
• Imicimbi yomxholo wekhabhoni:NgaphezuluUmxholo we-carbonukuphuculaUzinzo lwe-thermalkunye nokusebenza, ngakumbi kwizicelo zokufundela.
• Umnqweno wokwaziIgrafu yaziva ibalulekile ngaphakathiIziko le-vacuum kunye nezixhobo zegesi, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nokuchanekaubushushuulawulo.
• Ngaphandle kokuzalelwa:Ngelixa ikakhulu i-insulator, ikwabonelela ngefowuniukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermalkwiimfuno ezithile zolawulo lobushushu.
• Izicelo ezahlukileyo:UkusukaI-metalkwayeibhetriItekhnoloji kwi-Aerospace, ukungaguquki kwayo akunakuthelekiswa nanto.
• Inzuzo yokucoceka kukaRayon:I-rayon phygreite yaziva ilungile xaUcoceko oluphezuluibalulekile, inciphise umngcipheko wokungcola.
• Ubungqingqwa bokufakwa:I-Thicker ivakala ngokubanzi kuthetha ngconoI-insubsm ye-thermal, kodwa qwalasela iimfuno kunye neemfuno zokuguquguquka.
• Iimfuno eziPhezulukiso oluPhezulu:Kwizicelo ezibuthathaka, khethaI-prointer proite ePhezulu yeGunya, ngakumbiI-rayon esekwe, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba kuqinisekiswe iziqinisekiso zomenzi.
• Ukwenza lula izifiso:Igrafu yazivaKulula ukusikakunye nokuma, ukuvumela ukuba ubekelwei-thermalIsisombululo sezixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nejometri.

KubaIinkcukacha ezongezelelweyookanye ukuxoxa malunga neigrafu yazivaiimfuno,Nceda uqhagamshelanenanamhlanje. SiyingcaliUmzi-mveliso wegrafikhingemigca eyi-7 yemveliso, ilungele ukubonelelaIzixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezuluUkufezekisa iimfuno zakho. Jonga uluhlu lwethu lweIimveliso zegrafu, kubandakanyaAmandla aphezulu ebhloko, I-Ecpitite ePhakamileyo ye-Ecline, kwayeIgrafu yeqondo lobushushu ephezulu. Sithumela ngaphandle kwi-USA, uMntla Melika, eYurophu nase-Australia, ekhonza iimayile zentsimbi, iziseko, kunye neenkampani ze-metallggy nge-missures.