Igrafu yaziva, ihlala ityhafile, yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zeqondo lobushushu. Eli nqaku liva kwihlabathi leigrafu yazivakwayeI-carbon yaziva, echaza iintlobo zayo, izibonelelo, kwaye kutheni ukhetha umthengisi ofanelekileyo wakhoI-insubsm ye-thermalIimfuno zibalulekile. Ukuba ukwindawo yentsimbi, sebenzisa i-Arc yombaneisithando somlilos, okanye ubandakanyeka kwi-metallgy, ukuqondaigrafu yazivainokuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwakho kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Yintoni kanye kanye le nto ivakalelwa ngumfanekiso kunye nekhabhoni, kwaye yintoni ebangela ukuba bahluke?
Kwinkalo yayo,wazivayilaphu elingengulukiweyo lenziwe ngamaqhezu okuba kunye. Xa le ntsimiI-carbon fiberokanyei-pigite fiber, izixhobo ezinokubangelwa zibonisa ukunganyangeki kobuso obungaphezulu kakhulu. Uya kuhlala uva amagamaI-carbon yazivakwayeigrafu yazivaisetyenziswe ngokuthe ngcembe, kodwa kukho umahluko ophantsi.I-carbon yazivaNgokwesiqhelo i-precursorigrafu yaziva. Yenziwe yi-pyrolysis yeentsinga ze-organic, njengeI-rayon carbon, ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwiIrhasi ye-Inertokusingqongileyo. Le nkqubo isusa izinto ezingezizo iikharbon, zishiya inyathelo ikakhulu lidityanisweikhabhoni. Ukudalaigrafu yaziva,I-carbon yazivaiphantsiUkuphathwa ngobushushungamaqondo obushushu aphezulu (ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphezulu kwe-1800 ° C). Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-gramelition, icwangcisa iikhabhoniI-Atom ibe yeyakha i-odod, ye-crystalline, inika iigrafu yazivaKuphezuluukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal. Iwaziva yenziweUkusuka kwezi nkqubo zinengxakiIipropathi zoThefa, ebangela ukuba basebenzise amashishini ajongana nobushushu obugqithisileyo.
Cinga ngayo ngolu hlobo:I-carbon yazivainjengedrafti emnyama, ngelixaigrafu yazivayinguqulelo yokugqibela eqingqiweyo. Zombini zibalulekileUmsebenzi wokuHlala, kodwaigrafu yazivangokubanzi zibonisa ngaphezuluukuqhubela phambilikwayeUcoceko oluphezulu. Lo mahluko ngokwamahluko uchaphazela ukusebenza kwabo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo. Ukhetho phakathiI-carbon ive kwaye igrafu yazivaihlala ixhomekeke kwiimfuno zobushushu ezithile kunye nemfuno yeUcoceko oluphezulu.
I-PAN GORINIT vs. URayon waziva: Yeyiphi igrafiki evakalelwa kukuba isicelo sakho?
Xa kuziwa kwizinto eziluhlaza ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisaigrafu yaziva, imithombo ephambili emibini ivele:I-pan pire (I-carbon esekwe kwi-pan) kwayeI-rayon esekweIintsinga. La mahluko ichaphazela kakhulu iimpawu zokugqibela zemveliso kunye nokufaneleka kwezicelo ezahlukeneyo.URayon waziva, yenziwe kwiintsinga ezisekwe seselselose, luhlobo lwendabukoI-carbon yaziva. Emva kwekharbhonization,I-rayon carbon yazivaibonelela kakuhleI-insubsm ye-thermal, kodwa ngokubanzi inezantsiUmxholo we-carbonkwaye inokuqulatha i-arh ethe tyabaI-pan pire imvakalelo. IUkuqhubela kwe-rayonisekwewazivaikwahlala iphantsi.
Kwelinye icala,I-pan pire imvakalelo, ethathwe kwi-Polyacynforlonitring (Pan) yeentsinga, enemibala ephezulu. IImveliso ye-graphite yazivaukusukaI-pan pireimibonisoikhabhoni ephezulu kunye ne-ash esezantsiUmxholo, okhokelela ekuphuculeniukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermalkwaye omkhuluI-pirty phygrite. Oku kwenzaI-pan pire imvakaleloEyona nto ifanelekileyo kwizicelo ezifuna ukusebenzela okukhethekileyo, njengei-subyngaphakathivacuum kunye nezixhobo zegesikwaye ngaphakathiIibhetri zokuhambanjengeI-dadadium i-dandox ye-dandoxkwayeIibhetri zeReox. Kubathengi njengoMark Thompson obeka phambili umgangatho, bethuiofisi icebisa kakhulu i-PAN-Obuseleigrafu yazivangomsebenzi wayo ophezulu kunye nobomi obude. NgelixaURayon wazivaUnokunikezela ngesisombululo esineendleko ezininzi kwizicelo ezingafunekiyo, izibonelelo zexesha elide zeI-pan pire imvakaleloihlala idlula umahluko weendleko okokuqala. Xa ujonga iuthelekiso kwi-rayon, izibonelelo zomsebenzi zeI-pan pire imvakalelozihlala zibalulekile.
Zeziphi izinto eziphambili zekhabhoni kunye negrafu zivakalelwa kukuba zilungele imeko yobushushu obuphezulu?
Ukusebenza okumangalisayo kweIkhabhoni kunye negrafu yazivaKwiimeko zobushushu obuphakamileyo ziphuma kwindibaniselwano eyodwa yepropathi. Okokuqala, ngokukhethekileyoI-insubsm ye-thermalIzakhono ziyinto enkulu. I-Fibbul Swible igibisela umoya, ukunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kobushushu. Oku kubalulekile ukuba usebenze ngamandla kwiisithando somliloizicelo. Okwesibini, zombiniI-Folts isetyenziswa njenge-electrodeUkubuyela umva ngenxa yokukwazi kwabo ukumelana nobushushu obuphakamileyo ngaphandle kokunyibilika.Igrafu yaziva, ngakumbi, imiboniso igqwesileyoukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal, intsingiselo ingasasaza ngokufanelekileyo ubushushu, ukuthintela amabala ashushu ngaphakathi kwinkqubo. Le ndawo ibalulekile kwizicelo ezinjeI-Silicon Spelation.
Ngapha koko,ikhabhoni kunye negrafubaziwa ngokuchasene nokuhlaselwa kwabo kwiikhemikhali ezininziIzicelo zeMizi-mveliso. Bahlala bezinzile ngaphakathiIrhasi ye-InertkwayevacuumIindawo ezixhaphakileyo zokulungisa ubushushu obuphezulu. IubunyuluyeIzinto zegrafuKananjalo inegalelo ekuchanyoni kwayo kwi-oxidotion kwiqondo lobushushu eliphakamileyo, ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa neentsimbi. Ngelixa ukuboniswa ixesha elide kwi-ATMORDORDRALOLOSOORDOROLRATIONs kubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu kunokukhokelela ekuthandeni, iipropathi zemvelo zeikhabhonikwayeigrafuzenze baqiniseke ngakumbi kunabanyeIzixhobo zokufaka. Uhlobo oluguqukayo lwendizivaikwavumela ukufakelwa ngokulula kunye nokuhambelana nemilo enzima, enokuba yinto ebalulekileyo kwiisithando somlilouyilo kunye nolondolozo. Nangona iNdiziva ndikhona kwikharbon kunye negrafuAmabanga, iInqanaba legraphite liphethwe kwangaphambiliKwiqondo lobushushu ephezulu, kukhokelela kwintsebenzo ephuculweyo ekufumaneni iindawo ze-shirmal.
Ibonakala phi i-carbon ye-carbon? Ukuphonononga izicelo ezahlukeneyo zeshishini.
Ukusetyenziswa kweI-carbon igrafu yazivaiyenza ukuba ihlawulwe kuluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini. Isicelo sayo esiyintloko sileleI-incloulimenti yeqondo eliphezulu. Uya kuyifumanavacuum kunye nezixhobo zegesi, apho inceda ukugcina ulawulo lobushushu oluchanekileyo kwaye lunciphise ilahleko yamandla. Kwishishini le-mentergy,I-grayitive isetyenzisiwekakhulu kwiinkqubo zonyango lobushushu, ukubonelela ngesihlokoUkufakelwa kwencwadi. IwazivaInendima ebalulekileyo kwishishini le-semicondcuctor, apho isetyenziswa khona kwiziko lokukhula kwekristali.
Ngaphaya kokuzalelwa, iipropathi ezisebenzayo zeigrafu yazivayenza ilungele ukusetyenziswa njengokoi-electrodeIzixhobo ezikwizicelo ezithile ze-electrochemical, kubandakanyaIibhetri zokuhamba. I-rayon phygreite yaziva, umzekelo, ihlala isebenza ngaphakathiI-dadadium i-dandox ye-dandox. Indiziva ndikhonaKwiifom ezahlukeneyo kwaye zinokwenziwa ngokwesiko kwiimfuno ezithile. Imveliso ye-aerospace ikwasebenzisaI-carbon yazivaukukhanya kwayo kwayeI-insubsm ye-thermalIzakhono kwi-aircraft ephezulu kunye ne-spacecraft. Nakwiindawo ezikhethekileyo, njengeigrafu eyandisiweyoimveliso,wazivaisebenza njengento ebalulekileyo. Amandla eIgrafu yaziva isetyenziswangaphakathivacuumokanye nkqu nangakumbiAmaqondo obushushu o-oxidic. UkusukaIqondo lobushushu ephezuluKwi-labs yophando kwishishini elikhulu lemizi-mvelisoi-suby, Ikhabhoni kunye negrafu yazivazizinto ezivelwano ngokwenene.
Kutheni le nto ukucoceka kwegrafu kwaziva kubaluleke kakhulu, kwaye kuyichaphazela njani intsebenzo?
Iubunyuluyeigrafu yazivaNgaba yinto ebalulekileyo ekuphembeleleni intsebenzo yayo kunye nobomi obude, ngakumbi kwizicelo ezifunwayo. Iphezulu-Ukucoceka kwegrafuIqulethe impiliso encinci njenge-ash, isalfur, kunye nezinye izinto zentsimbi. Ezi zinto zingcolileyo zinokuchaphazela kakubi iwazivaUzinzo lombane, wombaneukuqhubela phambili, kwaye ukuxhathisa ukuvela kweekhemikhali. Umzekelo, kubushushu obuphezuluIziko le-vacuum, ukungcola kunokuphumelela, ukungcolisa imeko yenkqubo kunye nokuchaphazela umgangatho wezinto eziphathwayo. Ngokufanayo, kwizicelo ze-electrochemicalIibhetri zeReox, ukungcola kunokuthintela ukuphendula okuphezulu kwe-electrochemical kwaye kunciphise ukusebenza kwebhetri kunye ne-liespan.
UkufezekisaUcoceko oluphezuluIfuna ukukhetha ngononophelo kwezinto ezingafunekiyo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo. Njengokuphindekaumzi-mveliso, siyakuqonda ukubaluleka kweUcoceko oluphezulukwaye isebenzise amanyathelo olawulo lomgangatho wokuqinisekisa yethuigrafu yazivadibana ngqo ngqo ngqo. Izicelo ezifuna kakhuluubunyulu, njengezo kumzi mveliso we-semicondctor,Igrafu yaziva ihlanjululwephambili emva kwemveliso. Ubukho bexeshana Ke, ukuqonda nokulawula iubunyuluinqanaba leigrafu yazivaIbaluleke kakhulu kwintsebenzo efanelekileyo kunye nokuthembeka. Xa kuthengwa, abathengi bafana noMark Thompson kufuneka bahlale becela ukucaciswa kwezixhobo zezinto ezibonakalayo kunye neziqinisekiso zokuqinisekisa iubunyuluyeigrafu yaziva.
Ukujonga ukuqhubela phambili kwe-hormal: Ivakalelwa njani igrafu?
Xa ukhetha iIzixhobo zokufakwaKusetyenziswa izixhobo eziphezulu zokusebenza,ukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermalyipropathi ephambili ekufuneka uyiqwalasele.Igrafu yazivaYahlulahlula ngokwayoukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal, ukwenza ukuba kube ngumqobo ofanelekileyo nxamnye notshintsho lobushushu. Kuthelekiswa nezinto ezixineneyo ezixineneyo njengeempawu zomlilo,igrafu yazivainikezela kakhuluukuqhubela phambili, ekhokelela ekusebenzeni okusebenzayo kwamandla kwiiziko. Ngelixa izixhobo ezinjengeengubo ze-firamic fibers nazo zinika i-insulting elungileyo,igrafu yazivaihlala igqwesa ngaphakathivacuumokanye imeko yemozulu elawulwayo apho imicu yeceramic ingade ikhuphe okanye ngaphandle.
Iukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermalyeigrafu yazivainokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinkqubo yokuphuhlisa kunye nohlobo lwefayibha esetyenzisiweyo.I-PAN-FOL-esekwe kwi-pan-esekweNgokubanzi imiboniso ephezuluukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermalkunokubaI-rayon esekwe, enokubonakala ngathi iyindawo yokufakelwa kwezinto zokufakwa. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuphezuluukuqhubela phambiliIvumela ukuhanjiswa kobushushu obufanelekileyo, ukuthintela iindawo ezishushu zendawo kunye nokukhuthaza ukufudumeza okungakumbi ngaphakathiisithando somlilo. Esi sisibonelelo esibalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zeMetsellgalical. Ngapha koko, ngokungafaniyo nenye ingqumboIzixhobo zokufaka, igrafu yazivaNgaba izinto eziguquguqukayo, zivumela ukuba zihambelane neemilo ezintsonkothileyo kwaye zinciphise ilahleko yobushushu kwizithuba. Ngelixa izixhobo ezinje ngoboya bezimbiwa zibonelela ngokufakelwa ngempumelelo kwamaqondo obushushu asezantsi, azilungelanga iimeko ezigqithisileyo aphoigrafu yazivaI-Exces. Ke ngoko, okuphakamileyoIipropathi zoThefayeigrafu yaziva, ngakumbi kwiqondo lobushushu obuphezulu kunye neemeko zemozulu ezilawulwayo, zenze ukuba kukhetho olukhethwayo kwizicelo ezininzi ezifunwayo.
Umxholo we-carbon kunye ne-ash: yeyiphi le nto idlala ngayo kumgangatho ocacileyo?
IUmxholo we-carbonkwaye umxholo we-ASH ziimpawu ezibalulekileyo zewazivaUmgangatho kwaye unefuthe ngqo kwimpawu zalo zomsebenzi. NgaphezuluUmxholo we-carbonNgokubanzi ibonisa ukucocwa kunye nokuqinawaziva. Kwimeko yeI-carbon yazivakwayeigrafu yaziva, ipesenti ephezulu yeikhabhonikuthetha okungaphantsi kwezinye izinto, okhokelela ekuphuculeni uzinzo kunye nokuxhathisa kwi-oxidation.Pan-esekwe igrafu yazivaNgokwesiqhelo iqhayisa aikhabhoni ephezulu kunye ne-ash esezantsiUmxholo uthelekisaI-rayon-esekwe waziva, ukuba negalelo kwintsebenzo yayo ephezulu.
Umxholo we-Ash ubhekisa kwintsalela engasadibaniyo ekhohlo emva kwewazivaitshisiwe. Umxholo we-Ash esezantsi ubonakalisa ngaphezuluubunyulukunye nokungcola ezimbalwa. Ezi zinto zingcolileyo zinokuchaphazela kakubi iwazivaUkusebenza, ngakumbi kubushushu obuphezulu. Umzekelo, ukungcola kwe-metallic cansesze oxingeys, ukunciphisawazivaumsebenzi wobomi. Kwizicelo ezibuthathaka njengemveliso ye-semicionductor, nkqu amaxabiso amancinci e-ASH anokungcolisa inkqubo. Ke ngoko, abavelisi njengasizabalazela ukuvelisawazivangeIkhabhoni ephezulu kunye ne-ash esezantsiUkuqinisekisa intsebenzo efanelekileyo kunye nobomi obude. Abathengi njengoMark Thompson kufuneka ahlawule ngqo ngqoUmxholo we-carbonkunye ne-ash yomxholo xa uphononongwa ngokwahlukileyowazivaIzinketho, njengoko la manani abonisa ngqo umgangatho kunye nokufaneleka kwezinto ezizezinye zazo.
Ukujonga ngaphaya kokufakwa kobushushu: Ngaba unokuphelisa ukuziva umsebenzi njengombane?
Ngelixa kwaziwe ngokuyintlokoI-insubsm ye-thermaliipropathi,igrafu yazivaIngasebenza njengei-electrodekwizicelo ezahlukeneyo ze-elektroniki. Umbane wendaloukuqhubela phambiliyeigrafuYenza izinto ezifanelekileyo ngenxa yesi sizathu.I-Folts isetyenziswa njenge-electrodeUkubuyela kwiZicelo ezinjengeeseli zepetroli, oogqwetha, kwaye, ngakumbi,Iibhetri zokuhamba. NgaphakathiI-dadadium i-dandox ye-dandox, umzekelo,igrafu yazivaisebenza njengempumelelo kwaye isebenza ngokufanelekileyoi-electrodeIzixhobo, ziququzelela ukuthengiswa kwe-electrochemical kunye nokukhupha amandla. Indalo yewazivaInika indawo enkulu yomhlaba kwezi zinto zokuphendula, ukwandisa ukusebenza kwebhetri.
Ukhetho phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeigrafu yazivakubai-electrodeIzicelo zihlala zixhomekeke kwiimfuno ezithile zenkqubo. Izinto ezifana nendawo ephezulu, ukutyeba, kunye nokungazithembi kweekhemikhali kubalulekile. Ngelixa uDenserIimveliso zegrafunjengeigrafu electronikizisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezinamandla ezinamandla njenge-arc yombaneisithando somlilos,igrafu yazivaInika enye indlela elula kunye nokuguquguquka ngakumbi kwizicelo apho uxinzelelo lwangoku alusoyona nto iphambili.Igrafu yaziva isetyenziswe njenge-electrodeUkubuyela kwi-Electrochemical ye-elektrochemical boultional kubonisa ukuba izinto zayo zingaphaya kwendima yayo yemveli njengeIzixhobo zokufakwa. Inkampani yethu ibonelelaIimveliso zegrafu, kubandakanyaigrafu electronikikwayewaziva, ukhula kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo zeshishini.
Yintoni ekufuneka ithathe i-phawu thompson ithathe ingqalelo xa ihlawulwe kumzi-mveliso wase China?
Abathengi njengoMark Thompson, ukufunwaigrafu yazivaukusuka kwiumzi-mvelisongaphakathiChinainika amandla kwizisombululo ezinobuchule, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqwalasela izinto ezininzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba intsebenziswano ephumelelayo.Uvavanyo olusemgangathweniyinto enkulu. Phawula, ngamava akhe, ukuqonda ukubaluleka kokuqinisekisa iubunyulu, Umxholo we-carbon, kunye nezinye iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo zewaziva. Ukucela iisampulu kunye nokuqhuba uvavanyo olucokisekileyo ngaphambi kokuba uzibophelele kwimiyalelo emikhulu kubalulekile.Iziqinisekiso, njengemigangatho ye-ISO kunye nezeziqinisekiso ezithile ezibonakalayo, ukubonelela ngesiqinisekiso seUmzi-mvelisoIinkqubo zolawulo lomgangatho kunye nokuthobela imveliso kunye nemigangatho yamazwe.
Izintoyenye inkxalabo ephambili. Ukuhambisa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nonxibelelwano olucacileyo malunga namaxesha akhokelayo kubalulekile ukuphephaukulibaziseka kwenqanawaOko kunokuphazamisa iishedyuli zemveliso-ebalulekileyoInqaku lentlunguukuba uMarko. Ukuqonda iIindlela zokuhlawulaYamkelwe ngumthengisi kunye nokuqinisekisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko zentengiselwano ibalulekile. Amava aphesheya kaMark abonisa umngcipheko weUbuqhetseba besiqinisekiso samaxesha athile ngabathengisi, egxininisa imfuneko yokukhuthala okufanelekileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ubunyani bezezelelo. IsebenzaUnxibelelwano kunye nabameli bentengiso yabathengisiibalulekile. Ukhathazeke kaMarkUnxibelelwano olungalungangaigxininisa ukubaluleka kokucacileyo, ngokukhawuleza, kunye nobuchwephesha bengqokelela. Ukukhetha iumzi-mvelisoNgengxelo eqinisekisiweyo, iinkqubo ezibonakalayo, kunye nokuzinikela kumgangatho kubalulekile wokwakha i-chain yexesha elide, ethembekileyo.
Umthengisi unokuqinisekisa njani igrafu eguqukayo ebonakalayo ebonakalayo kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo?
Umthengisi othembekileyo weigrafu yazivaUkuqonda ukubaluleka kokuphazamiseka komgangatho ongaguqukiyo kunye nokuhanjiswa kwangexesha kwabathengi babo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho ongaguqukiyo kuqala ngamanyathelo olawulo oluqinileyo lomgangatho kuyo yonke inkqubo yokwenziwa. Oku kubandakanya ukukhetha ngononophelo kwezinto ezingafunekiyo, njengeI-pan pireokanyeI-rayon carbon, ukunamathela ngokungqongqo kwimveliso yokwenza imveliso, kunye nokuvavanywa ngokuchanekileyo kwemveliso yokugqibela yokuqinisekisa imigaqo-nkqubo yayo, kubandakanyaubunyulukwayeUmxholo we-carbon. Aumzi-mveliso onemigca eyi-7 yemveliso, njengezethu, inamandla kunye nezixhobo zokugcina umgangatho ongaguqukiyo nangee-odolo ezinkulu.
Ukuhanjiswa kwexesha ngexesha kuxhomekeke kucwangciso lwemveliso efanelekileyo, ulawulo lwezinto ezinamandla, kunye nonxibelelwano olucacileyo nabathengi. Ukubonelela ngamaXesha aKhokelela ekongapheliyo, uhlaziyo olusebenzayo kwiMeko yokuThumela, kwaye inkonzo yabathengi ephendulayo ibalulekile ekwenzeni ukuthembana nokuqinisekisa ukwaneliseka kwabathengi. Ukujongana nemiceli mngeni enokubakho ngokuzinzileyo kunye nezicwangciso zokuxakeka kwindawo ezinokunciphisa umngcipheko wokulibaziseka. Umzekelo, ukuseka ubudlelwane kunye namaqabane anokuthunyelwa abonakalayo. Ngaphaya koko, cela amaxwebhu amadala, kubandakanya nokhuphiswano lwezinto ezibonakalayo kunye neengxelo zomgangatho, ubonakalisa ukuzibophelela kubukhobala kunye nokuphendula. Umthengisi othembekileyo ujonga ubudlelwane babathengi njengentsebenziswano, egxile kwintsebenziswano yexesha elide kwaye ihlangana rhoqo kwiimfuno zomthengi eziphezuluigrafu yazivazisiwe ngexesha.
Iqhosha le-Geaways:
- Igrafu yazivakwayeI-carbon yazivazizinto ezibalulekileyo kubushushu obuphakamileyoI-insubsm ye-thermal.
- I-PAN-FOL-esekwe kwi-pan-esekweNgokubanzi ibonelela ngomsebenzi ophezulu xa kuthelekiswa nayoI-rayon esekwengenxa yephezuluubunyulukwayeUmxholo we-carbon.
- Iubunyuluyeigrafu yazivakubaluleke kakhulu kwintsebenzo efanelekileyo kwizicelo ezifunwayo.
- Igrafu yazivainokusebenza njengei-electrodekwizixhobo ze-electrochemicalIibhetri zokuhamba.
- Abathengi kufuneka babeke phambiliUvavanyo olusemgangathweni, iziqinisekiso, kwaye ithembekileizintoxa ukhunjulwaigrafu yazivaukusukaChina.
- Unxibelelwano olusebenzayo kunye nokuzibophelela okuqinileyo kumgangatho kunye nokunikezelwa kwangexesha elifanelekileyo ziindawo ezibonakala ngathi zinokuthenjwaigrafu yazivaUmboneleli.
Kwinqanaba lakho eliphezuluIimveliso zegrafuIimfuno, kubandakanya amaBanga awahlukeneyoigrafu electroniki, cinga ukuhlola iminikelo yethu. Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nentsebenzo yethu ephezulu ye-caked carbon block okanye amandla e-pire editene ephakamileyo. Siyinto ekhokelayoUmzi mveliso wegrafikhi.
Ixesha leposi: 01-06-2025
