Carbon anode ndivo magamba asina kusarudzika eAluminiumindasitiri. Ivo vanokosheswachikamuMune simba-rakanyanyaElectrolysisprocess iyo inoshanduraAluminamune zvidzidzisosimbiIsu tinoshandisa kwese kupi. Kunzwisisa kugadzirwa kwavo, basa, uye mhando ndeyekuita chero munhu anobatanidzwa mukatiAluminium kugadzirwa. Ichi chinyorwa chinobviswa munyika yecarbon anodes, kuongorora mabasa akakosha ePetroleum Cokeuye mabhanhire, iyo incriccies yeanogadzirwa kugadzirwa, maitiro avo panguvaAluminium Electrolysis, uye kufunga kwakakosha kwekuita sungano,High-mhandokuwaniswa. Kuverenga izvi kuchapa zvakakosha kuti unzwisise mukutsvagisaAluminium kunyudzwamashandiro uye kugadzira ruzivo rwekutsvaga kwekutenga.
Chii chaizvo chinonzi carbon anode uye nei zvakakosha kugadzirwa kweAluminium?
A carbon anodendeyekuti yakakura block yakagadzirwa zvakanyanya kubva pakugadziriswa kwecarbonaceous zvinhu, kunyanyacalcement petroleum cokeakasungwa pamwe chete naCoal Tar Pitch. Mumamiriro ekutangaAluminium kugadzirwa, basa rayo rakakosha chaizvo. Inoshanda sehafu imwe yeElectrochemicalSero (zvakananga, iyo yakanaka electrode kanaAnode naCathodepairi) inoshandiswa muhoro-hérolt maitiro, iyo inotongaIndustrialnzira yekugadziraAluminiumPasi rese. Pasina maAries idzi, theElectrolysisinodikanwaanonhuwirira Alumina(Aluminium oxide) kuva yakachenaaluminium simbihazvigone kuitika zvinobudirira.
Basa rekutanga recarbon anodeMunguvaAluminium Electrolysismaviri maviri. Chekutanga, inoitisa zvinodiwamagetsi aripomuElectrolyticBath (Molten Cryoliteine yakanyungudikaAlumina). Wechipiri, uye zvakadzora, zvinotora chikamu zvakananga muCHEMICALmaitiro. The theoxygenion dzakaburitswa kubva kuAluminaMunguvaElectrolysisita ne kabhoni yeanode pakupisa kwakanyanya, kugadziracarbon dioxide uye kabhoni monoxidemagasi. Kuita uku ndikoCarbon Anods anodyiwaMunguva yemaitiro ekugadzira. Izvikushandiswazvinoreva maAnods anoda nguva nenguvakutsiva, kuita kuti vabatike mushonga unokosha uye zvakakosha zvinogoneka mukatiAluminium kunyudzwa. Maitiro avo akananga anokanganisa simba rekubudirira,simbikuchena, uye mari yakawanda yekugadzira.
Ko kabhoni amade gadziriro yekugadzira inoitwa sei?
The thecarbon anode kugadzirwais a stipfanted, yakawanda-nhanho maitiro akagadzirirwa kugadzira maAnors ane chaiyo yemuviri uyeCHEMICALzvivakwa. Inotanga nekuchenjerera sarudzo uye kugadzirira kweZvishandiso zvakagadzirwa, kunyanyaPetroleum CokeuyeCoal tarpitch. The thePetroleum Coke, izvo zviito zvemubatanidzwa, unotanga kuzivikanwa (kupisa kusvika kumusorotembirichaMukushayikwa kwemhepo) kubvisa iyo yakajeka nyaya uye kuwedzera yayodensityuyemagetsi maitiro. Izvicalcement petroleum cokeanobva apwanywa uye akaongororwa mune chaiyo size zvidimbu - izvi ndizvocoke zvimedu.
Izvi zvakaenzanacoke zvimeduvakasanganiswa nemvuraCoal Tar Pitch, izvo zvinoita sebinder, akabataCokepamwe chete. Uku kusanganisa kunoitwa pakukwidziridzwatembirichaKuve nechokwadi chegomba rinoyerera uye hucha zvidimbu zvinobudirira. Iyo yekukonzeresa pasita inobva yaumbwa mumabhuru makuru, kazhinji kuburikidza neViBro-combroction kana kudzvanya. Aya "masheti" egirini achiri kusvibisa. Nhanho inokosha iri kubhejera, uko maAndi egreen anopisa zvishoma nezvishoma munzvimbo dzakakura pamusoro pemazuva akati wandei pakupisa kakawanda 1100 ° C. Uku kuita kwekubheka kunobatanidza iyo gomba binder, kugadzira yakasimba, yakasimbacarbon anodeblock, uye anodzinga chero zvinhu zvasara zvisina kunaka. Dzimwe nguva, imwezveMaitiro ekurapakungegrafitifization.Aluminium anonhuwiriraall manyeshi kana achienzaniswa nacho, toti,graphiteElectrodes enjodzi dzesimbi.
Ndezvipi zvinhu zvakakosha zvekushandisa, kunyanya peturuleum coke, inoshandiswa muAnode kugadzirwa?
Kunaka kweiyo yekupedzisiracarbon anodeinoshinga yakabatanidzwa nemhando yezvishandiso zvayo. Iyo yekutangaZvinyorwa zveRaw, kugadzira 65-75% yeiyo anode's misa, iriPetroleum Coke. Uku ndiko kubhururuka kwemafuta anonatsa maitiro. Nekudaro, kwete cheroPetroleum Cokeichaita. Foranogadzirwa kugadzirwa, yakaderera-sarufa, yakaderera-yesimbi-zvemukati "Ande-giredhi"Cokeinodiwa. Inofanira kufambiswa, ayakakwira-tembirichamaitiro ayo anoshandura zvakanyanya chimiro chayo, achivandudzamagetsi maitirouyedensity, izvo zvinokosheswaparamendes for for inoshandaElectrolysis. Kuenderana uye kuchena kwecalcement petroleum cokekupihwa kwakakura kunotarisa kune anogadzira anogadzira uye, nekudaro, kweAluminiumvanogadzira. Kusiyana kunogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya zvinobata uyekushandiswamitengo.
Kiyi yechipirichikamundiyebinder, kazhinjiCoal Tar Pitch, zvichiita nezve 15-25% yemusanganiswa. Iyi pitch inotorwa kubva pakurwisirwa kweCoal tar, byproduct yemarashakukanda muindasitiri yesimbi. Iyo gomba rinofanira kunge riine zvimiro zvekunyepedzera, kusanganisira rakakodzera kunyorova pfungwa, viscosity, uye kukoshesa kukoshesa, kuti vabate zvinobudiriracoke zvimedupanguva yekusanganisa uye kuumba, uyezve kuendesa kabhoni yakasimba matrix mushure mekubheka. Dzimwe nguva, dzokorora anode mabhatani eAnde Sourcing inowirirana, yakakwirira-mhandoYakakwira kabhoni kabhoni tar asphalt(pitch) uyePetroleum Cokeibasa rinogara riripo rakafanana neyedu, dzinoverengera yekupedzisiracarbon anodeInosangana nemari yekuita basa rekuita.
Sayenzi yakatsanangura: Ko carbon anodes inoshanda sei muAluminium Electrolysis?
Iyo Horo-Hérolt maitiro idombo rezvazvinoAluminium kugadzirwa, uyecarbon anodeiri panzvimbo yayo yekunetseka. Maitiro acho anoitika mumasero makuru echokwadi kana "mapoto." Iyo core yesero ine yekugezera yeMolten Cryolite(Na₃alf₆), kazhinji inoshanda patembirichadzinotenderedza 950-970 ° C.Alumina(Al₂o₃), inobviswa kubva kuBauxite ore, yakanyungudutswa mune izviyakanyungudutswakugeza. The thecarbon anodezvidhinha zvinomiswa mukugeza kubva kumusoro, nepo sero lining, zvakare yakagadzirwa neCarbon Zvigadzirwa(kazhinjigraphitezvidhinha), zviito se cathode (yakaipa electrode).
Kana ane simbamagetsi aripo(kazhinji mazana ezviuru emamepu) anopfuudzwa nenzira yecarbon anodekune cathode kuburikidza neMolten Cryolite Electrolyte, theElectrolysis maitiroinotanga. Iyo yakanyungudutswaAluminakusiyanisa mukatiAluminiumuyeoxygenion. ZvakanyatsobhadharwaAluminiumion inotama kune iyo cathode, kwavanowana magetsi uye dhipoziti kunge yakanyungudutswaaluminium simbi(AL³⁺ + 3E⁻ → AL). Panguva imwe chete, zvisizvo zvinobhadharwaoxygenion (o²⁻) inotama kuna iyocarbon anode. Pano,Electrochemicalmaitiro anoitika: Theoxygeninobata ne kabhoni yeAyode. Maitiro aya epamusoro mafomucarbon dioxide (CO2), kunyangwe vamwecarbon monoxideinogadzirwawo zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Iyo Yakarerutswa Yevazhinji Reaction kuAnode is: 2o²⁻ + c →CO24E⁻. Kuita uku kunodya iyocarbon anodeChinyorwa, zvishoma nezvishoma zvichidzikisira kupinda mugeji pamusoro pehupenyu hwayo hwekushanda, hunowanzoitika vhiki dzinoverengeka.
Ko coke inoita basa rinorevei kuve zvinyorwa zvechibharo muAluminium kunyudzwa?
NepoPetroleum Cokeinonyanya kukoshaZvinyorwa zveRawfor thecarbon anodeIro pacharo, pesvedzero yayo inowedzera kupfuura kungova nehuwanduzvinhu zvinoshandiswa. The theNyorauyemhandoyeCokeKunyanya kudzidzisa iyo yekupedzisira zvivakwa uye kuita kweanode mukati meAluminium kunyudzwaSero. Chimiro chakaumbwa mushure mekudaidza uye kubheka zvinokonzeresa zvinhu zvakaita sengemagetsi maitiro, Simba reMuchina, uye maitiro akanangaoxygenuyeCO2. KukwiriraKuitayakakosha kuderedza kurasikirwa kwesimba (voltage kudonha) mhiri kweAyode, kuvandudza iyo yakazara simba rekubudirira kweiyoAluminium kugadzirwamaitiro.
Uyezve, iyoCokedhizaini dzinopesvedzera kudzikisira kweAnode kune zvese zviri zvivirimichinakunetseka (kubata, thermal kuvhunduka) uyeCHEMICALkurwiswa (oxidation nemhepo uyeCO2, kuita neCryolitezvikamu). Yakarongedzwa yakanyatsorongeka anobvaHigh-mhando Cokeichave yakadererakushandiswamitengo, zvichireva zvishoma anode anodiwa pane toni yeAluminiumyakagadzirwa. Izvo zvichazopa zvishomazvakasarauye guruva, zvinopa kuti utambe penga pita uye kuderedzwakupokanakana nyaya dzekushanda. Naizvozvo, dzimwe nguva dzaonekwa semafutakunobva mune mamwe maindasitiri, mukatianogadzirwa kugadzirwa, Cokechinhu chakanyanya chemajiniya chezvinonyatsotambisa zvinhu zvinonyatsotarisirwa kuti uwedzere kukwanaAluminium Electrolysismaitiro. Hunhu hwayo hunopedza kushanda uye kugadzikana kwePrimary Aluminium kugadzirwa.
Iwe unogona here kudzora tekinoroji kumashure kweAluminium Electrolysis uye Ande Disption?
Iyo coretekinorojiforAluminium kugadzirwainoramba iri muhoro-hérolt maitiro, yakagadzirwa yakazvimirira muna 1886. Mazuva anoAluminiumzvinyoroShandisaHuru, masero akanyanya kudzora elekitoro akarongwa muzvikamu ("zvimiti"). The thetekinorojiinosanganisira kupfuudza yakanyanya kutungamiramagetsizvazvino kuburikidza neye akatevedzana emasero aya. Sero rega rega rinoshanda kune yakaderera voltage (kutenderedza 4-5 volts) asi inotakura yakakura amber (zviuru zana kusvika anopfuura 500,000 amps). Simba iri rinotyairaElectrolysis maitiro, kupatsanura zvisungo zvemakemikari akasimba mukatiAlumina.
The thekushandiswa kweCarbon Anodeschikamu cheizvi cheichitekinoroji. Sezvakatsanangurwa,carbon anodehaazi conductor chete; Iyo inoitika. The theElectrolysiskuburitswaoxygenkubva pakunyungudikaAlumina, uye izvioxygenpakarepo inokwana neiyo inopisa kabhoni pamusoro peanode. Iyo yekutanga reaction chigadzirwa ndeyecarbon dioxide (CO2), ichingopfutacarbon anodeAiwa ndichishandisaElectrochemicalsimba kwete kure nekurovera. Zvinyoronyoro, kugadzira 1 kg yeAluminiuminoda kupedza anenge 0.33 kg ye kabhoni. Mukudzidzira, nekuda kwekushanda kwemativi (semhepo kupisa pane yakafumurwa kumusoro kumusoro uye kuita neCO2- The boudouard reaction c +CO2→ 2CO) uye zvimwe zvemuviriPfeka kurambanyaya, iyo mambure chaiwokushandiswakazhinji yakakwira, yakatenderedza 0.40 kusvika 0.45 kg yecarbon anodepa kg yeAluminiumyakagadzirwa. Izvi zvinoendererakushandiswainoda nguva dzosekutsivayeAyoDes, kugadziraanogadzirwa kugadzirwakugona kwechikamu chakakosha che chero chakabatanidzwaAluminiumsmelter. Chinangwa chekusimudzira tekinoroji kukura ndiko kudzikisa iyi mamburekushandiswaRate, kuvandudza zvazvino kushanda, uye kuderedza simba rekushandisa.
Chii chinoita yakakwirira-yemhando yeAnode zvinhu zvealuminium kunyudzwa?
A High-mhando carbon anode (Anode zvinhu) inotsanangurwa neine seti yeiyo chaiyo yemuviri uye makemikari zvivakwa zvakakosha zvekushandisa uye kugadzikanaAluminium kunyudzwa. Zvakadereramagetsikuramba kwakareruka; Iyo Anode inofanira kuitisa mafungu makuru ane mashoma voltage kudonha kudzora simba. Zvakakwirira pachenadensityzvakare kutsoropodza - denser anode kazhinji zvinoreva kupokana kwakadzika, iyo inoderedza kuisana nemhepo uyeCO2, zvichitungamira kudzikirakushandiswamitengo uye hupenyu hurefu. KugonaSimba reMuchinauye kupokana kwekuvhundutsa kunodzikisira kunodiwa kuti arege kubata kubata, kushushikana kwekuisa mukupisaMolten Cryolitekugeza, uye kushandirwatembirichaclecle pasina kupaza kana kudzvinyirira kwakanyanya.
Uyezve, kuchena kwakakosha. Zvinangwa muAnode zvinhu, kunyanya zvinhu zvakaita seSarufa, Silishon, Iron, Vanadium, uye nickel inotangira kubva kuPetroleum CokekanaCoal Tar Pitch, inogona kusvetuka mukatiMolten Aluminium, kukanganisa kuchena kwayo kwekupedzisira uye zvivakwa. Kugadziriswa kwakaderera kune mweya uyeCO2Pakushanda tembiricha zvakare inodiwa kuderedza zvisiri-electrochemicalkushandiswa. Kufanana kiyi Kuzadzisa izvi zvinowiriranaHigh-mhandozvinoda meticuuses kutonga pamusoro peZvinyorwa zveRawkusarudzwa, iyonzira yekugadzirira, uye nhanho dzese dzeanogadzirwa kugadzirwamaitiro. Vatengesi vanofanana nesu tarisiro zvakanyanya pane aya masaji emhando kuti tisangane nezvinodiwa zveAluminium Industry. EduYakakwira performance pre baked anode carbon blockInoratidza kuzvipira uku kune mhando.
Ndeapi matambudziko makuru uye kunetsekana kwezvakatipoteredza muCarbon anode kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa?
Nepo zvakakosha, kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwecarbon anodeszvipo zvakakosha matambudziko, kunyanya maererano nemamiriro ekunze. Kunetseka kukuru panguvaAluminium ElectrolysisndiyeEMISSIONyeGreenhouse magasi (GHG). Maitiro akananga acarbon anodenaoxygenzvisinganzwisisike zvinoburitsa huwandu hwakawanda hwecarbon dioxide (CO2), chikuruGreenhouse gasi. Kune yega yega toni yeAluminiumyakagadzirwa, yakaenzana 1.5 matani eCO2zvinogadzirwa kubva kune anodekushandiswa. Pamusoro pezvo, pasi peimwe nzira yekushambadzira mamiriro (low Alumina Confentration), Perfluorocarbons (PFCS), GHGS INOGONA KUTI DZESVONDO, DZINOGONA KUTI VADZIDZE. Simbakushandiswa, zvakanyanya kugadzirwa kubva kune fossil mafuta mumatunhu mazhinji, anopa zvisina kunanga kune kabhonitsoka.
The theanogadzirwa kugadzirwaprocess ine zvakare nezvemamiriro ekunze. Kubaira machira kunogona kusunungura pllutants kana isina kudzorwa zvakanaka, kusanganisira sarufa oxides (kubva sarufa muneCoke), nitrogen ooldes, chidimbu chezvinhu, uye mishonga inosvibisa kubva kugomba. KubataPetroleum CokeuyeCoal Tar PitchInoda manejimendi ekungwarira nekuda kwezvinhu zvingangoitika zvehutano uye zvakatipoteredza zvinoenderana neguruva uye chaiwo makemikari makomputa sePolyclic Aromic Kuverengera kuenderanaZvinyorwa zveRawmhando, kugadzirisamarara(sekushandiswa potlining), uye kudzoraemissionsMuhupenyu hwese hupenyu hunopfuurira mberiAluminiumindasitiri. Iko kutsvaga kwezvinhu zviri naniPfeka kurambauye yakaderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza zvinoenderera mberi. Nyaya dzinoita seanode kupaza kana kutadza kusati kwatadza nekuda kweCorrosionkanamichina yezvivakwazvakare inomiririra matambudziko ekushanda anokanganisa kushanda uye mutengo.
Tekinoroji ingadyisa sei masvinu mune iyo aluminium yekugadzira maitiro?
The theAluminiumindasitiri iri kutevera vakasiyana-siyanatekinorojinzira yekukuderedzaYayo yakanetswisanatsoka, kunyanyaGHG emissions. Kuedza kwakakosha kutarisa pakuvandudza kushanda kwesimba kweiyo horo-hérolt process yeiyo. Zvirinani process Kudzora, Advanced Scle Designs, uye Yakavandudzwa Manalment Management inogonazvakanyanya kuderedzasimba rinodiwa pane toni yeAluminium, nokudaro kudzikisa zvisina kunangaemissionsKana iyo Simba Sosi ndeye fossil-mafuta yakavakirwa. Optimizing Anode mhando (kunge yedu yemagetsi yemagetsi yakagadzirwa kubva kune chaiyo coke) Zvakare zvinotora basa, sezviri naniKuitauye kudererakushandiswamitengo inopa kuti uwedzere kushanda zvakanaka. Yakavandudzwa kuongorora uye kudzora masisitimu inobatsira kudzivirira iyo anode mhedzisiro, saka inoderedza zvakanyanya kuderedza PFCEMISSIONzviitiko. KutoraCO2Kubva kunonhuhwirira-gasi-magasi ari kuongororwa, kunyangwe zvichireva zvakakosha zvehunyanzvi uye zvehupfumi zvinonetsa.
Chinangwa chikuru chehurefu chakareba ndiko kukura kweinerte inodetekinoroji. Kusiyanacarbon anodesizvokudyiwakugadziraCO2, Inert anodesheyo ingateerere magetsi uyeGadzirisakusunungurwa kweoxygenSegesi (O2) pane kuzviita ivo pachavo. Makambani akadaroAlcoa(kuburikidza neelyssis Joint venture) vari kuita stides in munzvimbo ino. Kana zvakabudirira uye zvekutengeserana zvinoshanda, inert anodes nekuchinja chaikoAluminium kugadzirwa, Kubvisa zvakanangaCO2 emissionskubva kuchitokisi chemagetsi. Kumwe kutsvagisa kunotora imwe nziraElectrolysismaitiro kana bhukucarbonaceous zvinhuizvo zvinogona kupa kuderera kwekugadzirisa kana kugonesa kusiyanaCHEMICALnzira. Aya mafambiro ehunyanzvi ainongedzekuderedza zvesekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuve nechokwadi chekutsigirwa kwenguva refu kweAluminiumkugadzirwa.Emissions aigonazvinogona kutemwa zvinoshamisa neaya ramangwana matekinoroji.
Chii chinofanira kutora nyanzvi dzekutakura dzinotsvaga kana uchisvibisa carbon anodes?
Zvemauto ekugadzira saMark Thompson, Sourcecarbon anodeszvinobudirira inosanganisira kuyera kunaka, mutengo, uye kuvimbika. Kupiwa kuti anodeinopedzwa panguva yemagetsi maitiro, cheni inovimbika yekugovera haina kutaurwa. Inopfuura kukwikwidza mitengo, iyo yekutanga inotarisisa inofanira kunge iriUnhu hunoenderana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kusimbisa maitiro emhando yepamusoro ekutonga, kubvaZvinyorwa zveRawKuongorora (Petroleum Coke, pitch) kusvika pakupedzisira anoyeuchidza. Kukumbira uye kuratidza zvitupa (i.e., iso 9001) uye zvakadzamazvinhumashitsi akakosha. Usangotora zvitupa pachiso chakasarudzika; nzwisisa nzira dzekuyedza uye paramita.
Kuvimbika kunosvika kune zvinhu uye kutaurirana. Kunonoka muAyodde kutumira kunogona kumisikidza mitsara yekugadzira, ichikonzera kurasikirwa kwemari. Ongorora iyo Supporter's Track rekodhi ye-pamba-nguva yekutumira uye kugona kwavo kwekugona, kunyanya kutumirwa kwenyika dzese kunzvimbo dzakaita seUSA kana Europe. Kukurukurirana kwakajeka, kwakanyatsobudirira kunokosha zvakare. Kubata zvakananga nemumiriri ane ruzivo kubva mufekitori, seangu, Allen, kubva ku aProfessional graphite electrode fekitori, inogona kuongorora hurukuro uye kugadzirisa nyaya nekukurumidza kupfuura kuenda kuburikidza nehuwandu hwemapindiri. Tsigiro yehunyanzvi, kunyangwe kana mutengi asiri mainjiniya, akakosha. Mutengesi akanaka anofanirwa kukwanisa kukurukura nezveAnode performance, dambudziko renjodzi dzinogona kuitika zvine chekuita nechigadzirwa, uye tsanangura kuti zvavoAnode zvinhuzvivakwa (density, Kuita, Simba reMuchina) kuwiriranisa nezvinodiwa zveMutengi. Chekupedzisira, chengetedza pachena uye nzira dzakachengeteka dzekubhadhara dzinowanikwa. Kuvaka hukama hwakatemerwa nerekunzwisisa mugadziri anonzwisisa zvinodiwaAluminiumIndasitiri inowanzo kuve zano rakanakisa.
Key Dealoways:
- Carbon anodeszvakakosha zvinokakavara muHoro-Hérolt process yeAluminium kugadzirwa, vachiita sevatengesi uye vanoita.
- Anogadzirwa kugadzirwainosanganisira nekuchenjera kugadzirisaPetroleum CokeuyeCoal Tar Pitchbinder, ichiteverwa nekugadzira uye yakakwira-tembirichakubheka.
- Mhando yeZvishandiso zvakagadzirwa, kunyanyacalcement petroleum coke, zvakananga zvinokanganisa masode maitiro (kubatana, density, simba, kuchena) uyekushandiswamitengo.
- Carbon Anods anodyiwaMunguvaElectrolysisSezvo kabhoni inobata nayooxygenkubvaAlumina, kunyanya kugadziraCO2.
- Key Anode mhando paramita inosanganisira yakadereramagetsikuramba, kukwiriradensity, kugonaSimba reMuchina, kuchena kwakanyanya, uye kuderera kwakaderera.
- Matambudziko Akakura anosanganisira kubataCO2uye zvimweemissions, simbakushandiswa, uye nekuona zvisingachinjikiZvinyorwa zveRawkuwaniswa.
- TekinorojiKufambira mberi tarisa pane zvinogadzirisa kushanda, kuderedzaemissions, uye kukudziridza kugona mutambo-kuchinja inert anodes.
- Kana uchisvibisa, tarisa pane zvinowirirana mhando, mutengesi kuvimbika (zvinhu, kutaurirana), kutaurirana), kutsigirwa kwehunyanzvi, uye kutsigira kwehunyanzvi, uye kutengeserana pachena.
Kutumira Nguva: 04-07-2025
