Gufungura imbaraga za karubone: kwibira cyane mubitekerezo no gusaba

Iyi ngingo irashakisha isi ishimishijekarubone, byibanda cyaneigishushanyo, ibintu bitandukanye kandi byingenzi munganda nyinshi. Tuzakinisha mumitungo yarwo, uburyo bwo gutanga umusaruro, hamwe nibisabwa bitandukanye, bitanga imyumvire yuzuye ituma iyi nzira ifatika isoma kubantu bose bashishikajwe nibikoresho byubumenyi, gukora, cyangwa uruhare rukomeye rwakaruboneMwisi yacu ya none. Kuva ku misozi ya Steel kuri bateri,igishushanyobigira uruhare runini, akenshi bitagaragara, ninshingano. Ubushakashatsi buzamurikira urwo ruhare no gusobanura impamvukarubonemuburyo bwibishushanyo ni ngombwa.

Igishushanyo ni iki? Kugaragaza imiterere nuburyo bwa karubone

Igishushanyo ni ibintu bisanzwe, Crystallineimiterere ya karubone. Nimwe murimweuburyo buhamye bwa karuboneMu bihe bisanzwe. TekerezakaruboneAtome yateguwe muri lattice ya hexagonal - nicyo cyungantego cyibanze cyibishushanyo. IbikaruboneAtome ikora inkwano zikomeye mumpapuro zitondewe, zizwi nka graphene. Ariko, ingoyihagatiIbi bice bifite intege nke (van der ibirambo), bikabemerera kunyerera byoroshye. Iyi miterere idasanzwe nicyo gitanga igishushanyo cyacyo cyoroshye kandi gihimba.

Theamabuye y'agaciroIgishushanyo kizwiho ubushobozi budasanzwe bwo kuyobora ubushyuhe n'amashanyarazi. Biragaragara kandi kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, bigatuma bikwiranye no gusaba inganda. Tekereza nk'igice cyateguwe cyanekaruboneAmabati, aho buri rupapuro rukomeye bidasanzwe, ariko igicapo ubwacyo ni cyoroshye kandi kinyerera. Iyi kamere isa nkaho ivuguruzanya nurufunguzo rwibishushanyo bya graptite.

Nigute graphete yerekana? Gucukumbura inzira

Igishushanyo, uzwi kandi nkaIgishushanyo, byakozwe binyuze muburyo bwo kuvura bukabije. Ibikoresho fatizo, mubisanzwe peterolicoke(amproduct yamavuta yo gutunganya) cyangwa amakara tar, akungahaye murikarubone. Inzira ikubiyemo intambwe nyinshi zingenzi:

1. Kuvanga:Thekarubone-Ibikoresho fatizo bivanze na binder, nka coaal tar tar tar. Ibi bitera imvange zumuyaga.
2. Gukandagira cyangwa kubumba:Uruvange rusorekana, haba mu kuzimya binyuze mu gupfa cyangwa kubihindura mukibazo. Ibi birema "icyatsi"igishushanyoibicuruzwa.
3. Guteka:Ibicuruzwa bibisi byatetse mu bidukikije bidafite ububiko bwa ogisijeni ku bushyuhe hafi 1000 ° C. Iyi nzira ikuraho ibice bihindagurika kandi ikomeza ibikoresho.
4. Gushushanya:Intambwe y'ingenzi! Ibicuruzwa bitetse noneho bishyuha cyaneubushyuhe burenzeya 2700 ° C, akenshi zigera kuri 3000 ° C. Ubu bushyuhe bukabije butera Uwitekakaruboneatome kugirango orgunge muburyo bwateganijwe, Crystallineigishushanyo.
5. Kudahinduka (bidashoboka): Birashoboka kongeramo resin mukibazo cyo kuzuza icyuho icyo ari cyo cyose gisigaye.

Ubu buryo bwo hejuru buhindura AmorphouskaruboneMubikoresho fatizo mu itegeko rikomeye cyane,Crystallineimiterere yaIgishushanyo. Ibisubizo nibikoresho bifite isuku isumba izindi no guhuzagurika ugereranije nuburyo bumwe na bumweIgishushanyo gisanzwe.

Kamere na Synthetic Graptite: Ni irihe tandukaniro?

Mugihe byombiIgishushanyo gisanzwenaIgishushanyonikarubone, baratandukanye cyane mu nkomoko yabo, imiterere, n'umutungo.Igishushanyo gisanzwebibaho bisanzwe mumatare ya metamorphic. Yashinzwe hejuru yimyaka miriyoni yubushyuhe bukabije nigitutu byimbitse mubutaka bwisi. Hariho byinshiubwoko bwa kristu karemano, harimoCrystalline Flake igishushanyo, igishushanyo cya amorhous, na veine.

Igishushanyo, kurundi ruhande, nigicuruzwa cyakozwe. Byakozwe binyuze mubuvuzi bwo hejurukarubone-ibibazo, nkuko byasobanuwe haruguru. Iyi nzira igenzurwa yemerera kugenzura byinshi kubicuruzwa byanyuma, bivamo ubuziranenge bwo hejuru nibindi bihamye. Dore imbonerahamwe iri muri make itandukaniro ryingenzi:

Nibihe bintu byingenzi bya graveite? Gusobanukirwa ibiranga bidasanzwe

Igishushanyo gifite ihuriro ryihariye ryimitungo ituma itagereranywa muburyo butandukanye. Iyi mitungo ituruka mumiterere yihariye ya Crystal. Dore bimwe mubyingenzi:

• Imyitwarire myiza yubushyuhe:Igishushanyo nuyobora ubushyuhe buhebuje. Ibi bivuze ko bishobora kwimura neza ahantu kureka isoko, bigatuma isaba gusaba nkubushyuhe nubunini.
• Umutekano muremure w'amashanyarazi:Igishushanyo nacyo nuyobora amashanyarazi. Uyu mutungo ningirakamaro kugirango ukoresheIbishushanyokubijyanye no gusebanya nibindi bya electrochemical Porogaramu.
• AMASOKO:Imiterere yubahanye yubushushanyo yemerera ibice kunyerera byoroshye, biha imiterere nziza yo gusiga. Ibi bituma bigira akamaro mu magambo yumye n'amakaramu.
• Impeta yimiti:Igishushanyo ni inert ku miti myinshi, bivuze ko itagenda yitwara hamwe nibindi bintu. Ibi bituma bikwiranye no gukoresha mubidukikije.
• Kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi:Igishushanyo kirashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe burenze urugero butashonga cyangwa bwo kubora. Ikosa (Inzibacyuho kuva ahanini kuri gaze) hafi 3650 ° C. Ibi bituma bigira ibikoresho byumvikana.
• Imiterere ya mashini: Igishushanyo gikoreshwa nkishingiro ryo gupima gukomera kwibikoresho byose.

Ibiimitungo y'ibishushanyoHuza kugirango ukore ibintu bikomeye, byo mubwibone, bihanganye, bihangayika, bitwara amashanyarazi, no guhagarara mbonera. Uku guhuza bidasanzwe nimpamvu igishushanyo gisanga gukoresha muburyo bwinshi butandukanye.

Nigute igishushanyo gikoreshwa munganda ya site? Reba kuri electrode

Kimwe mubyiciro byingenzi byubushushanyo biri muruganda rwibyuma, byumwihariko mubikorwa byibyuma ukoresheje itanura rya ARC (EAFS). Mu bice,Ibishushanyobakoreshwa mugukora amashanyarazi manini akenewe kugirango ushonga steel.

IbiIbishushanyomubisanzwe bikozwe kuvaIgishushanyokubera isuku yo hejuru no muburyo buhoraho. A electrode igomba kuba ishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bukabije, amashanyarazi akomeye amashanyarazi, hamwe nibidukikije bikaze mu itanura. TheImyitwarire y'amashanyarazinaubushyuheImitungo ni ingenzi, kandi kurwanya okiside ni igihe kinini.

Amashanyarazi aragenda buhoro buhoro mugihe cyo gutemagura, bityo bakeneye gusimburwa buri gihe. Ubwiza bwaIgishushanyo cya electrodeIngaruka itaziguye no gukora neza-imikorere yimyitozo ngororamubiri. Ibintu nko kurwanya amashanyarazi make, hejuruubushyuheGukora, hamwe no kurwanya ibimasa byiza ni ngombwa kugirango imikorere myiza.

Kurenga Icyuma: Gushakisha izindi porogaramu zinyuranye zishushanyije

Mugihe inganda yicyuma ari umuguzi ukomeye wibishushanyo, ibyifuzo byayo birenga cyane. Hano hari ibindi bice byingenzi aho igishushanyo kigira uruhare runini:

• Bateri:Igishushanyo nigice gikomeye cya bateri-ion ion, ni ubuhe bubasha ibintu byose kuva kuriramurika kugeza ku modoka z'amashanyarazi. Ikora anode (electrode mbi) ya bateri.
• Ibihimbaro:Igishushanyo mbonera cya graveite gituma bigira intego yo gukoresha mu mavuta yumye, amavuta, n'amavuta. Ningirakamaro cyane muburyo bukabije bwo hejuru aho bihurika gakondo byasenyuka.
• Kuvugurura:Kurwanya ubushyuhe bukabije butuma ibintu bifatika bihindura, bikoreshwa mumirongo yitanura, intama, nibindi bikoresho byikindi bikoresho byo hejuru. Ikoreshwa nk'inyongeraamabuye y'agaciro.
• Abashikiriye BURLEARI: Igishushanyoikoreshwa nkumuyobozi muburyo bumwe bwabafatanije na kirimbuzi. Biratinda neutrons, gufasha kugenzura urunigi rwa kirimbuzi.
• Amakaramu:"Iyobowe" mu makaramu ni uruvange rw'igishushanyo n'ibumba. Kwiyoroshya kw'ibishushanyo bibyemerera kuva ku kimenyetso ku mpapuro.
• Ishyirwa: Igishushanyo gikoreshwa mububiko, gitanga ubuso bworoshye burangiza.
• EDM (gusohora amashanyarazi): Ibishushanyobakoreshwa muri EDM kugirango bashireho ibyuma bikomeye.

Uru rutonde rugaragaza uburyo budasanzwe bwibishushanyo. Kuva mu ikaramu ya buri munsi kugeza kuri tekinoroji yo gukata ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi, igishushanyo gifite akamaro, akenshi cyihishe.

Igishushanyo na Diamond: Ikintu kimwe, Isi zitandukanye

Igishushanyo na diyama ni alteros yakarubone, bivuze ko ari uburyo butandukanye bwibintu bimwe. Ariko, imitungo yabo iratandukanye cyane. Itandukaniro rivuka muburyo bwabo bwihariye.

• Igishushanyo:Nkuko twabiganiriyeho, igishushanyo gifite imiterere yubahangingo ifite ubumwe butandukanye hagati yibanze. Ibi bituma byoroshye, kunyerera, nuyobora amashanyarazi.
• Diamond:Diamond ifite imiterere ya tetrahedral eshatu, aho buriwesekaruboneAtom yihujwe cyane nabandikaruboneatome. Ibi bituma bikomera bidasanzwe kandi bigize amashanyarazi bikennye (nubwo ari umuyobozi wubushyuhe bwiza.

Itandukaniro riri hagati ya Grappite na Diamond ni urugero rutangaje rwukuntu gahunda ya atome ishobora guhindura imitungo yikintu. Mugihe byombi bikozwe rwosekarubone, Inzego zabo zitandukanye zitandukanye ziganisha ku ikoreshwa zitandukanye. Ikibazo cyaigishushanyo na diyamaGukwirakwiza neza igitekerezo cya alteripege. Imwe ni yoroheje, umukaralubricant, undi gemtone ikomeye, nziza cyane.

Igishushanyo cya Amorhous ni iki? Gusobanukirwa Ifishi ya Crystalline

Igishushanyo cya Amorhousni ubwoko bwaIgishushanyo gisanzweibyo bikabura gahunda ndende ya Crystalline iboneka muri flake cyangwa veine. Nuburyo bwa microcrystallinekarubone, ahokaruboneAtome itunganijwe muri make, idahwitse.

Igishushanyo cya Amorhousni uburyo buhenze cyane bwaIgishushanyo gisanzwe. Bikunze kuboneka mubijyanye no gutakaza amakara kandi ni ibihano byo gucukura amakara. Mubisanzwe bikoreshwa mubisabwa aho kweza hejuru na kristu bitameze neza, nka:

• Ibikoresho byo gushingwa:Ikoreshwa mugukora ubuso bworoshye kubumba bwicumbi.
• Ibihimbaro:Ikoreshwa mumwanya muto.
• Feri ya feri:Ikoreshwa nkibintu bifatika muri feri.

MugiheIgishushanyo cya AmorhousNtabwo ifite imitungo idasanzwe ya Crystalline graptite, biracyari ibintu byingenzi bitewe nubwinshi nigiciro gito.

Ejo hazaza h'igishushanyo: Guhangashya no kugaragara

Ibisabwa kubishushanyo biteganijwe gukomeza gukura mumyaka iri imbere, bitwarwa nibyingenzi byingenzi:

• Ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi:Ubwiyongere bwihuse bwisoko ryimodoka yamashanyarazi ni ugusaba cyane bateri ya lithium-ion, zishingiye cyane kubishushanyo.
• Kubika ingufu:Igishushanyo nacyo gikoreshwa mubindi bikorwa byo kubitsa ingufu, nka bateri zitemba na supercacitors.
• GrafeN:GrafeN, urwego rumwe rwakaruboneAtome yateguye ahantu heza, ikomoka mubitekerezo. Ifite imitungo idasanzwe kandi irasakuza kubera porogaramu zitandukanye, harimo ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, ibihimbano, nububiko bwingufu.
• Carbone Nanotubes: Ubundi buryo bushimishije bwiterambere.

Ibi bisabwa, hamwe nibikorwa bikomeje mubikorwa gakondo, tekereza ejo hazaza heza kubishushanyo.

Guhitamo igishushanyo mbonera: Ibitekerezo byingenzi byo gutanga amasoko

Guhitamo igishushanyo mbonera cyiburyo ningirakamaro mu kubungabunga ubuziranenge, ibyemezo byizewe, nibiciro byo guhatanira. Hano hari ibintu bimwe byingenzi tugomba gusuzuma, cyane cyane bijyanye numuntu nka Mark Thompson, umwirondoro wacu wabakiriya:

• Igenzura ryiza:Menya neza ko utanga isoko yo kugenzura ubuziranenge bukomeye. Gusaba Impamyabumenyi (urugero, ISOMETANDA, ibisobanuro byumubiri) no kugerageza amakuru yo kugenzura ubuziranenge. Ubugenzuzi bwiza bunoze burahuye. Ibi byavuzwe mu buryo butaziguye ku bijyanye n'ubuntu.
• Urutonde rwibicuruzwa:Hitamo utanga isoko atanga ibicuruzwa byinshi kubishushanyo kugirango byubahirize ibyo ukeneye. Ibi birashobora kubamo amanota atandukanye yaIbishushanyo(Uhp, hp), ibishushanyo bitangaje, igishushanyo cyumva, cyangwa ibindi bicuruzwa byihariye. Utanga isoko ashoboye gutanga ibicuruzwa nkaImbaraga-Imbaraga Zihejuru Electrodeni ikimenyetso cyiza.
• Ubushobozi bw'umusaruro:Suzuma ubushobozi bwumusaruro wo gutanga umusaruro kugirango ubashe kwemeza ko bashoboye amajwi yawe hamwe nigihe cyo gutanga. Uruganda rufite imirongo myinshi yumusaruro, nkimwe i (Allen) gucunga, nikimenyetso cyiza cyubushobozi bwizewe.
• Ubuhanga bwa tekiniki:Shakisha uwatanze ubuhanga bukomeye bwa tekiniki ushobora gutanga inkunga nubuyobozi muguhitamo ibikomoka ku bicuruzwa byiza kubisabwa. Mark, abuze ubumenyi bwa tekiniki, yaha agaciro ibyo cyane.
• Ibikoresho no kohereza:Reba ibikoresho bya porogaramu itanga no kohereza. Menya neza ko bashobora gutanga ibicuruzwa aho uherereye kandi bigatwara neza. Iyi aderesi ububabare bwa Mariko yo gutinda kohereza.
• Itumanaho:Hitamo utanga isoko hamwe nimiyoboro isobanutse kandi yitabira. Itumanaho rikora ni ngombwa mugukemura ibibazo cyangwa impungenge icyo ari cyo cyose. Ibi bijyanye na Mariko gucika intege kwa Mariko nitumanaho ridakora neza.
• Ibiciro:Mugihe ubuziranenge ni umwanya munini, igiciro nacyo nikintu gikomeye. Gereranya ibiciro kubatanga isoko zitandukanye, ariko witondere ibiciro biri munsi yisoko ryisoko, nkuko ibi bishobora kwerekana ubuziranenge. Ikimenyetso gifite ireme-nyaburanga ariko nanone gishakisha ibiciro byo guhatanira.
• Uburambe: Utanga isoko ryinjira mukarere kawe, nkuburambe bwanjye hamwe na USA, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, Uburayi, na Ositaraliya, byerekana ko twumva amahame n'amahanga.
• Uruganda rutaziguye: Gukemura ku ruganda, bitandukanye no kugaburira, akenshi birashobora kuganisha ku biciro byiza kandi bitera inkunga itaziguye.

Mugusuzuma witonze ibi bintu, ubucuruzi burashobora guhitamo igihagararo cyizewe cyujuje ibyifuzo byihariye kandi bikabafasha kugera kuntego zabo zubucuruzi. Tekereza kubitanga hamwe nubuhanga muriUltra-Imbaraga Zisumbuye Igishushanyoumusaruro.

Incamake: Gufata urufunguzo ku gishushanyo

• Igishushanyo ni varisileimiterere ya karubonehamwe nuburyo budasanzwe.
• Imitungo yayo irimo hejuruubushyuheN'umubiri w'amashanyarazi, amavuta, impeta z'imiti, no kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi.
• Igishushanyoni Byakozwe muburyo bukabije-burebure, butanga isuku hejuru no guhuzagurika kurutaIgishushanyo gisanzwe.
• Ibishushanyoni ngombwa kumusaruro wibyuma mumatanura ya ARC.
• Igishushanyo gifite ibindi bikorwa byinshi, birimo bateri, amavuta, abangamizi, bangamizi, n'ababikiranya na kirimbuzi.
• Guhitamo igishushanyo cyizewe gisaba gusuzuma neza ubuziranenge, ubushobozi, ubuhanga bwa tekiniki, ibikoresho, no gutumanaho.
• Itandukaniro murikaruboneImiterere ya Atom nicyo gitanga igishushanyo kidasanzwe.
• IbicuruzwaGira ikoreshwa muburyo butandukanye, harimo mubushyuhe bwinshi.
• Kubona Utanga Ibyiza Biturutse mu Bushinwa, nkanjye, birashobora gukemura mu buryo butaziguye ibibazo byo kugura, nkuko bigaragara mumwirondoro wa Mark Thompson, no gufasha gutangaInyenzi zitwara neza kuri electrode.