Ma carbon ayode ndi ngwazi zosafunikira zachiwayaMakampani. Ndizofunikirachipangizomu mphamvu yolimbaelectrolysisnjira yomwe imasinthaalubinamwa kusinthasinthachitsuloTimagwiritsa ntchito kulikonse. Kumvetsetsa kupanga kwawo, ntchito, ndi mtundu ndikutha kwa aliyense amene akutenga nawo mbaliKupanga kwa aluminiyamu, akatswiri ogulitsa makasitomala monga Marko Thompson omwe amayenda zovuta kukakamiza izi. Nkhaniyi imakhudza dziko lakaboni, Kuyang'ana mbali zazikulu zapetuloleum cokendi ma bingari, zovuta zakupanga mawonekedwe, machitidwe awoaluminium electrolysis, ndi zazikulu powonetsetsa khola,mapangidwe apamwambakuperekera. Kuwerenga izi kumapereka chidziwitso chofunikira kwambirialuminiumNtchito ndi kupanga zisankho zogulira.
Kodi ndi chiyani kwenikweni kaboni ndipo chifukwa chiyani ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga aluminiyamu?
A Carbon yomweyodeKwenikweni ndi chipika chachikulu chopangidwa makamaka ndi zida zokonzedwa, makamakakuwerengera petroleum cokeyolumikizidwa pamodzi ndiphula la phula. M'malingaliro a pulayimaleKupanga kwa aluminiyamu, ntchito yake ndiyofunika kwenikweni. Imagwira ntchito ngati theka lama electrochemucalcell (makamaka, electrode yabwino kapenamalo ndi cashopuawiri) wogwiritsidwa ntchito mu holo-Héulalt, wamkuluwogwira mu kampaniNjira YopangirachiwayaPadziko lonse lapansi. Popanda izielectrolysischofunikirangunula alubina(aluminium oxide) akhale oyerazitsulo za aluminiumsizingachitike moyenera.
Ntchito yoyamba yaCarbon yomweyodepamenealuminium electrolysisndi ziwiri. Choyamba, chimachita zofunikirazamakonomuelectrolytickusamba (molten cloliteokhala ndi kusungunukaalubina). Kachiwiri, ndipo mozama, zimatenga nawo mbali mwachindunjimankhalazochita. Am'weyama ion adamasulidwa kuchokeraalubinapameneelectrolysistengani ndi kaboni wa andekutentha kwambiri, kupangaCarbon Dioxide ndi Carbon Monoxidempweya. Izi ndichifukwa chakemabode a carbon amadyedwamuNjira Zopangira. Ichimadyozikutanthauza kuti Aswede amafunikira nthawikubwezela, kupangitsa kuti ndalama zambiri zizikhala zofunikira komanso zofunikaaluminium. Ntchito zawo zimakhudza kwambiri mphamvu,chitsulozoyera, komanso ndalama zambiri.
Kodi njira ya kaboni idakwaniritsidwa bwanji?
AKatundu wa Carbon ADodendi njira yodziwika bwino, yopangidwa ndi magawo ambiri kuti ipange maodes ndi mathupi enieni komansomankhalakatundu. Zimayamba ndi kusankha mosamala ndikukonzekerazida zogwiritsira ntchito, makamakapetuloleum cokendiphula la malashaphula. Apetuloleum coke, omwe amagwira ngati ophatikizika, amawerengedwa koyamba (otenthetsedwa kumtundakutenthaPakusowa mpweya) kuchotsa vuto lokola ndikuwonjezerakukulandiZochita zamagetsi. Ichikuwerengera petroleum cokeamaphwanyidwa ndikuwunika zigawo zina - izi ndiCoke tinthu.
IziCoke tinthuamasakanikirana ndi madziphula la phula, zomwe zimagwira ngatifayilo, kugwirawodziwa cokePamodzi. Kusakaniza uku kumachitika pamalo okwezekakutenthaKuonetsetsa kuti phula limayenda ndikumavala tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Chotsatira chotsatiracho chimapangidwa m'magawo akuluakulu, nthawi zambiri kudzera mu vibro-complection kapena kukanikiza. Izi "zobiriwira" izi zikadali zolimba. Gawo lofunikira ndikuphika, pomwe anyani obiriwira amatenthedwa pang'onopang'ono m'masiku akulu oposa masiku angapo kutentha kwambiri 1100 ° C. Kuphika kophika kumeneku carbozenge commer, ndikupanga wamphamvu, wolimbaCarbon yomweyodeBlock, ndikuchotsa zinthu zilizonse zotsalira. Nthawi zina, zinaChithandizo changatichofufuzidwa(Kutentha ngakhale kutentha kwambiri, ~ 2500 ° C +) kungakhale kogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mapulogalamu ena ofunikira, ngakhale izi ndizofala pamlingo wofananachiwaya ngunulaAdode akuyerekezera, kunena,gilaphiteelectrodes ya zitsulo zachitsulo.
Kodi zida zopangira ndi ziti, makamaka petulo petkeleum coke, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzoda?
Mtundu wa chomalizaCarbon yomweyodeimalumikizidwa ndi mtundu wa zida zake zoyika. Choyambirirazopangira, kupanga 65-75% ya unyinji, ndipetuloleum coke. Ichi ndi chojambula cha choyenga. Komabe, osati chilichonsepetuloleum cokenditero. Wakupanga mawonekedwe, wotsika-sulufur, wokhala ndi zitsulo zotsika kwambiri "Anode-kalasi"wodziwa cokechofunika. Iyenera kuwerengedwa, akutentha kwambirinjira yomwe imasinthiratu kapangidwe kake, kukonzaZochita zamagetsindikukula, zomwe ndizofunikirapalamus kwa ogwira ntchito bwinoelectrolysis. Kusasinthika ndi kuyera kwakuwerengera petroleum cokezopereka ndizongoyang'ana kwambiri opanga opanga ndipo, chifukwa chake,chiwayaopanga. Kusintha kumatha kukhudza kwambiri mawonekedwe ndimadyomitengo.
Chinsinsi chachiwirichipangizondifayilo, nthawi zambiriphula la phula, kupanga pafupifupi 15-25% ya kusakaniza. Izi zikuchokera ku distillation yaphula la malasha, cholembedwa chamalashaKuphika m'makampani achitsulo. Phatikizani kuyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zina, kuphatikizapo malo oyenera, mafakisoni, ndi mtengo wophatikizika, kuti uzimangire bwinoCoke tinthuPa kusakaniza ndikupanga, kenako ndikupereka mphamvu yamphamvu ya kaboni ataphika. Nthawi zina, ma metts omwe amabwezerezedwanso (magawo osagwiritsidwa ntchito aodes omwe adakhalapo) amaphwanyidwa ndikuphwanyidwanso mu kusakaniza, kukonza zotsatsa. Kukoka kofananako, wapamwamba kwambiriMiyala yamtengo wapatali ya carbon phula(phula) ndipetuloleum cokendi ntchito yopitilira mafakitale athu, ndikuonetsetsa zomalizaCarbon yomweyodeAmakumana ndi zofunikira kuchita.
Science idalongosola: Kodi ma carbon Ayode amagwira ntchito bwanji ku aluminiyamu electrolysis?
Njira ya holo-Héulalt ndi mwala wamakonoKupanga kwa aluminiyamu, ndiCarbon yomweyodeali pamalo ake okwera. Njirayi imachitika m'maselo akuluakulu a electrolytic kapena "miphika." Pakati pa cell ili ndi kusamba kwamolten clolite(Na₃alf₆), ogwirira ntchito kukutenthapafupifupi 950-970 ° C.Alubina(Al₂o₃), ochotsedwa ku bautete ore, amasungunuka mu izimo ellenkusamba. ACarbon yomweyodeMabatani amaimitsidwa posamba kuchokera kumwamba, pomwe cell ime, yopangidwanso ndiZida za Carbon(nthawi zambirigilaphitemidadada), imagwira ntchito yavitodi (yosavomerezeka).
Pamene wamphamvuzamakono(nthawi zambiri mazana a Amperes) amadutsa m'chipindacho kuchokeraCarbon yomweyodekwa Cast Staode kudzeramolten clolite elemalyte,Ndondomeko ya Electrolysisakuyamba. Kusungunukaalubinaimayambachiwayandim'weyama ion. Mlanduchiwayama ion akusamukira ku Catode, komwe amapeza ma elekitironi ndikusunga ngati moltenzitsulo za aluminium(ALA + 3E⁻ → AL). Nthawi yomweyo, kutsutsam'weyama ion (o²²) amasamukira kuCarbon yomweyode. Apa, ama electrochemucalKuchita kumachitika: am'weyaAmakumana ndi kaboni wa Theode. Izi zikutanthauza mafomukaboni dayokisaidi (Ce2), ngakhale enaCarbon monoxideimapangidwanso kutengera zinthu. Zomwe zimachitika mosavuta paode ndi: 2owo ⁻ →Ce2+ 4E⁻. Izi zimawonongaCarbon yomweyodeZipangizo, pang'onopang'ono ndikuchepetsa kusamba chifukwa cha moyo wake, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala milungu ingapo.
Kodi Coke amagwira ntchito yanji yopanda pake ku Aluminium?
Pamenepetuloleum cokendiyambirirozopangirakwaCarbon yomweyodeIwo pawokha, mphamvu yake imafalikira kupitirira pakungokhalaZinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Amtundundikulimazawodziwa cokezolimbitsa thupi zomaliza ndi magwiridwe antchito a Theode mkatialuminiumkhungu. Kapangidwe kake komwe kanapangidwa pambuyo kuwerengera ndikuphika zimapangitsa zinthu zovutaZochita zamagetsi, mphamvu yamakina, ndi kuchitidwa ndim'weyandiCe2. M'mwambazamakhalidwendikofunikira kuchepetsa kutaya kwamphamvu (mphamvu yamagetsi) kudutsa malowa, kukonza mphamvu zonse zaKupanga kwa aluminiyamunjira.
Komanso,wodziwa cokeKapangidwe kake kani kani kani kamene kalizazitsuloMapssion (Kugwira, Kugwedeza, Kutentha) ndimankhalakuwukira (oxidation ndi mpweya ndipoCe2, zomwe zimachitikaClolitezigawo zikuluzikulu. Mawonekedwe opangidwa bwino kuchokeramapangidwe apamwamba wodziwa cokeadzakhala ndi otsikamadyoMitengo, kutanthauza zambiri zofunikira za Ayode ndizofunikira pa Tonne wachiwayazopangidwa. Idzapanganso zochepachotsandi fumbi, limathandizira kuti ikhale yopanda pake ndikuchepetsedwakupapalakapena nkhani. Chifukwa chake, pomwe nthawi zina amawonedwa ngatimafutagwero m'mafakitale ena, mukupanga mawonekedwe, wodziwa cokendi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa kwambiri zomwe zimayendetsedwa mosamala kuti muchepetsealuminium electrolysisnjira. Mtundu wake umatha kuchita bwino komanso kukhazikika kwaKupanga koyambirira kwa aluminiyamu.
Kodi mungatchule za ukadaulo kumbuyo kwa aluminiyamu electrolysis ndi adode kudya?
MazikozamakompyutawaKupanga kwa aluminiyamuakukhalabe ndi ntchito ya HALL-Héulat, yopangidwa palokha mu 1886. Amakonochiwayazophwekagwiritsani ntchitoMaselo akuluakulu, olamulidwa ndi ma elekitiki oyendetsedwa bwino mu mndandanda ("ma poulines"). Azamakompyutazimaphatikizapo kudutsa mwachindunjizamagetsizamakono kudzera mu maselo angapo. Selo lililonse limagwira ntchito yamagetsi yotsika (pafupifupi 4-5 volts) koma imanyamula a Amperage yayikulu (100,000 mpaka ma Amps oposa 500,000). Mphamvu iyi imayendetsaNdondomeko ya Electrolysis, kugawa zomangira zamphamvu mualubina.
AKudya kwa Ayodendi gawo lobadwazamakompyuta. Monga tafotokozera,Carbon yomweyodesi wochititsa; Ndiwobwereza. Aelectrolysisamatulutsam'weyakuchokera kusungunukaalubina, ndi izim'weyaNthawi yomweyo amatenga ndi mpweya wabwino wamaso. Choyambirira choyambirira ndikaboni dayokisaidi (Ce2) KuwotchaCarbon yomweyodekutali ndi kugwiritsa ntchitoma electrochemucalmphamvu m'malo molumikizana. Mwachinsinsi, kupanga 1 makilogalamu achiwayapamafunika kudya pafupifupi 0.33 makilogalamu a kaboni. Muzochita, chifukwa chosinthana (ngati mpweya woyaka pamwamba ndiCe2- Boudouard Action C +Ce2→Co) ndi ena akuthupikuvala kukanankhani, ukonde weniwenimadyoimakhala yokwera kwambiri, pafupifupi 0.40 mpaka 0.45 makilogalamu aCarbon yomweyodemakilogalamu pachiwayazopangidwa. Izi zikuchitikamadyoamafunika nthawi zonsekubwezelaazode, kupangakupanga mawonekedwekuthekera kofunikira pazinthu zilizonse zophatikizikachiwayakununkhira. Cholinga cha chitukuko cha nthawi yopitilira ndikuchepetsa ukondewumadyoMtengo wake, kusintha mphamvu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa.
Kodi chimapangitsa kuti mawonekedwe apamwamba a adode a aluminium osungunuka?
A mapangidwe apamwamba Carbon yomweyode (Zinthu za Anode) imafotokozedwa ndi gawo la mawonekedwe apadera ndi mankhwala oyenera komanso okhazikikaaluminium. PansizamagetsiKutsutsa ndikofunika; Anodiyo ayenera kuchititsa mafunde akulu ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yochepa kuti asunge mphamvu. Zochulukirakukulandizofunikira kwambiri - malo owoneka bwino nthawi zambiri amatanthauza zotsika, zomwe zimachepetsa kupanikizika ndiCe2, kutsogolera kutsikamadyokuchuluka ndi moyo wautali. Abwinomphamvu yamakinandi kuchuluka kwa magetsi kumafunikira kuti athe kupirira, zovuta zoyiyika kumotomolten clolitekusamba, komanso kugwira ntchitokutenthaZoyenda popanda kusweka kapena kuwononga kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuyera ntchito ndikofunikira. Zodetsa muZinthu za Anode, makamaka zinthu ngati sulufule, silicon, chitsulo, vadium, ndi nickel kuchokera kupetuloleum cokekapenaphula la phula, amatha kukweza mumolten aluminiyamu, kukhudza chiyero chomaliza ndi katundu. Kukhazikika kwa mlengalenga ndiCe2Pamatha kutentha ndizofunikira kuti muchepetse zosankhidwa zopanda electrochemicalmadyo. Umodzi ndi kiyi - katundu wosasinthasintha gawo lonse la Anode block ndipo kuchokera ku mawonekedwe amodzi mpaka potsatira kulozera kwa maselo. Kukwaniritsa izimapangidwe apamwambapamafunika kuwongolera koyenera pazopangirakusankha,Njira Yokonzekera, ndi gawo lililonse lakupanga mawonekedwenjira. Othandizira monga ife amayang'ana kwambiri magawo apaderawa kuti akwaniritse zosowa zofuna zamakampani ogulitsa aluminium. ZathuKuchita bwino kwambiri kuphika Anode kaboniChizindikiro chopereka ichi.
Kodi zovuta ndi zovuta za chilengedwe ndi ziti zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kaboni?
Ngakhale ndizofunikira, kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwakaboniZovuta zazikuluzikulu, makamaka za chilengedwe. Cholinga chachikulu pakualuminium electrolysisndikusiyaMpweya wobiriwira (Gimvu). Chidziwitso chaCarbon yomweyodendim'weyakumera kwambirikaboni dayokisaidi (Ce2) Akulumpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Kwa coni iliyonse yachiwayazopangidwa, pafupifupi 1.5 matani aCe2amapangidwa kuchokera kunsimadyo. Kuphatikiza apo, mothandizidwa ndi mawonekedwe ena (otsika kwambiri alumina kukhazikika), zotupa (ma PFC), amphamvu kwambiri, akhoza kupangidwa. MphavumadyoIwowokha, amapangidwa kuchokera kumafuta osungiramo zinthu zakale m'magawo ambiri, amathandizira mwanjira inayakepomwe wapondo.
Akupanga mawonekedwenjira zimakhalanso ndi zachilengedwe. Nkhosa zophika zimatha kumasula zodetsa ngati sizikuyendetsedwa bwino, kuphatikizapo sulfur oxides (kuchokera ku sulufule (kuchokera ku sulufule muwodziwa coke) Anthu a Nitrogeni, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, komanso osasunthika opanga mankhwala kuchokera ku Putch Bamder. Kusamalirapetuloleum cokendiphula la phulaPamafunika kuyang'aniridwa mosamala chifukwa cha zovuta zathanzi ndi chilengedwe zokhudzana ndi fumbi ndi mankhwala apadera ngati polycyclic orponatic hydrocarbons (pass) mu ulusi. Kuonetsetsa zogwirizanazopangiraKhalidwe, kuyang'anirakusakaza(Monga momwe amawonongera ma potlining), ndikuwongolerampweyaNthawi yonseyi ikukumana ndi zovuta zachiwayaMakampani. Kusaka kwa zida ndi zabwinokokuvala kukanandikuchepetsa mphamvu yachilengedwe ikupitilizabe. Nkhani ngati soding kapena kulephera msanga chifukwakuchulukakapenamakinaimayimiranso zovuta zomwe zikugwira ntchito bwino komanso ndalama.
Kodi ukadaulo ungatani kuti mitundu yopanga ma aluminium?
AchiwayaMakampani akuyesetsa kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyanazamakompyutanjira zopitamunganichilengedwe chakepomwe wapondo, makamakaGimvu mpweya. Zoyesayesa zazikulu zimangoyang'ana kwambiri kukonza mphamvu ya mphamvu ya holo yokha. Kuwongolera Koyenera, Zomanga Zapamwamba za cell, ndi kukonza maofesi oyendetsera mafuta athachotsani kwambirimphamvu yofunikira pa tranne wachiwaya, potero kutsitsampweyaNgati mphamvu yamphamvuyi ndi yokhazikika. Kukonza mawonekedwe (Monga elekisi yathu ya graphite yopangidwa kuchokera ku coke ina) Amaseweranso, komanso bwinozamakhalidwendi otsikamadyoMitengo imathandizira kuti pakhale phindu lonse. Kuwunika kwa owunikira ndi kuwongolera kumathandiza kupewa zovuta, motero kuchepetsa pfckusiyaZochitika. KukopaCe2Kuchokera ku Score-mipweya ikufufuzidwa, ngakhale kumakhala kofunikira luso laukadaulo komanso zachuma.
Cholinga chachikulu cha nthawi yayitali ndikukula kwa inedezamakompyuta. MosiyanakabonindiyewathakupangaCe2, anyezi amayenera kuchita magetsipatsogolokutulutsidwa kwam'weyangati gasi (O2) m'malo modzibwereza. Makampani mongaMu(kudzera mu Elysis Jount Exrere) akuyenda m'derali. Ngati zinthu zopambana komanso zopindulitsa, zomwe zimasintha kwambiriKupanga kwa aluminiyamu, kuchotsa mwachindunjiCe2 mpweyakuchokera ku cell ya electrolysis. Kafukufuku wina amafufuza njira zinaelectrolysisNjira kapena NewZipangizo za Carboboacezomwe zitha kupereka zolakwika kapena zimathekamankhalanjira. Izi zamakono zimafunaChepetsani zonsemphamvu ya chilengedwe ndikuwonetsetsa kutichiwayakupanga.Zotuluka zithaMwina kuthedwa kwambiri ndi matekinoloje amtsogolo awa.
Kodi akatswiri okugawanitsa angayang'ane chiyani mukamakhala ndi mahule a kaboni?
Kwa ogulitsa ngati Mark Thompson, akumenyakaboniKugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito, mtengo, ndi kudalirika. Popeza Awode ndikudyedwa munthawi ya electrolysis, ukwati wodalirika sunasaukidwe. Kupitilira mitengo yampikisano, cholinga chachikulu chikuyenera kupitiriraKhalidwe losasintha. Izi zikutanthauza kutsimikizira njira ya Wothandizirayo, kuchokerazopangiraKuyendera (petuloleum coke, phula) kupita ku Odedi Kuyesa. Kupempha ndi kutsimikizira (E.g., ISO 9001) ndi tsatanetsatanemalayaMa sheet owonetsera ndi ofunikira. Osangotenga satifiketi pamaso; Mvetsetsani njira zoyeserera ndi magawo.
Kudalirika kumayambira kumveketsa. Kuchedwa mu sode kutumizidwa kumachotsa mizere yopanga, ndikupangitsa kutayika kwachuma. Onaninso mbiri ya Woperekayo kuti mutumizire nthawi ya nthawi ya nthawi ya nthawi ya nthawi ya nthawi yayitali komanso kuthekera kwawo, makamaka kwa zombo zapadziko lonse lapansi monga USA kapena ku Europe. Kuyankhulana bwino, koyeneranso. Kuchita mwachindunji ndi nthumwi yodziwika kuchokera ku fakitole, monga ine, Allen, kuchokera kwa aAkatswiri a graphite elekitirode, zitha kukambirana ndi kuthetsa mavuto mwachangu kuposa kudutsa pakati pa mainterdies angapo. Thandizo laukadaulo, ngakhale ngati wogula si injini, ndi wamtengo wapatali. Wothandizira bwino ayenera kukambirana za Hade magwiridwe antchito, zovuta zomwe zingachitike zokhudzana ndi malonda awo, ndikufotokozera momweZinthu za Anodekatundu (kukula, zamakhalidwe, mphamvu yamakina) Sinthani ndi zofunikira za wogula. Pomaliza, onetsetsani kuti njira zoyendetsera zolipirira komanso zotetezeka zilipo. Kumanga ubale wautali ndi wopanga wotchuka amene amamvetsetsa zofuna zachiwayaMakampani nthawi zambiri amakhala njira yabwino kwambiri.
Njira zazikuluzikulu:
- Kabonindizofunikira mu holo-HéulatKupanga kwa aluminiyamu, kuchita monga akuchititsa komanso kuchita.
- Kupanga mawonekedwezimaphatikizapo kukonza mosamalapetuloleum cokendiphula la phulabinder, kutsatiridwa ndikupanga ndi kukwera-kutenthakuphika.
- Mtundu wazida zogwiritsira ntchito, makamakakuwerengera petroleum coke, zimakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito (akuchita chidwi, kachulukidwe, mphamvu, kuyeramadyomitengo.
- Mabode a carbon amadyedwapameneelectrolysisMonga carbon amakhudzidwa ndim'weyakuchokeraalubina, makamaka kupangaCe2.
- Magawo a Adode apamwamba amakhala otsikazamagetsiKukana, Wamkulukukula, chabwinomphamvu yamakina, chiyero chapamwamba, komanso kufupika pang'ono.
- Zovuta zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kusanjaCe2ndi zinampweya, Mphamvumadyo, ndikuwonetsetsa zogwirizanazopangirakuperekera.
- ZamakompyutaKupita patsogolo kwambiri pakuwongolera bwino, kuchepetsampweya, ndikupanga masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe angasinthe.
- Mukamayambitsa, yang'anirani bwino kwambiri, kudalirika kosasunthika (zinthu, kulumikizana), kutsimikizika kotsimikizika, thandizo laukadaulo, komanso zochitika zowonekera.
Post Nthawi: 04-07-2025
