Carbon, carbodes bụ ndị dike na-enweghị atụ nkealuminomụlọ ọrụ. Ha bụ ihe dị oke mkpaanuahuNa ike ikeelectrolysishazie mgbanwealiminan'ime ihe dị iche ichemetalAnyị na-eji ebe niile. Ghọta mmepụta ha, ọrụ, na ịdị mma bụ ihe na-enye onye ọ bụlaMmepụta aluminom, karịsịa ndị ọkachamara na-akpata dị ka Mark Thompson ndị na-anyagharị ihe dị iche iche nke ịwụsa ihe ndị a dị mkpa. Edemede a raffeves batara n'ụwa nkecarbon, na-enyocha ọrụ dị oke mkpa nkePetroleum cokena binders, ihe omimi nkeMmepụta Ande, akparamagwa ha n'ogeAluminom Electrolysis, na echiche dị mkpa maka ijidesi ike,ịdị mma Dị eluọkọnọ. Readinggụ nke a ga-enye nghọta bara uru iji mee kaAluminom smeltingarụmọrụ na ime mkpebi ịzụta.
Kedu ihe bụ carbod carbon na gịnị kpatara o ji dị oke mkpa maka mmepụta aluminom?
A carbon carbonbụ nke a bụ nnukwu ihe eji egbochi ihe eji ahazi ya, na-emekarịCols countolem cokejikọtara ọnụ naCover Tard Pitch. Na ọnọdụ nke mbụMmepụta aluminom, ọrụ ya bụ ezigbo ihe. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọkara nkeelectrochemicalsel (kpọmkwem, electrode dị mma ma ọ bụAnchede na Cathadedi na nwunye) eji n'onye ulo-hakeindostriusoro maka imeputaaluminomGburugburu ụwa. Na-enweghị anides, nkeelectrolysischọrọ kaezé alimina(aluminom oxide) n'ime ọchaMetal Metalenweghị ike ime nke ọma.
Ọrụ bụ isi nkecarbon carbonn'ogeAluminom Electrolysisbụ abụọ. Nke mbu, odi nkpaeletrik dị ugbu an'imeelectrolyticbat (moulge cristalnwere etisasịwoalimina). Nke abuo, na nkenke, na - esonye ozugbokemikalMmeghachi omume. Oseihe nwokeoksigineons weputara site naaliminan'ogeelectrolysismeghachi omume na carbon nke ahihia naokpomọkụ, na-akpụcarbon dioxide na carbon monoxidegas. Ihe a mereA na-eri ahịhịa carbonn'ogeusoro mmepụta. Nke aoriripụtara mmiri chọrọ ogendochi, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ọnụ ahịa arụmọrụ na ihe dị mkpaAluminom smelting. Arụmọrụ ha na-emetụta arụmọrụ ikemetalịdị ọcha, na mkpoputa ihe niile.
Kedu ka usoro a na-emepụta carbon na-eme?
Oseihe nwokeMmepụta carbonbụ ọkaibe, usoro dị iche iche e mere iji mepụta mgbasa ozi nakemikalNjirimara. Ọ na-amalite site na nhọpụta nke ọma na ịkwadebe nkengwaọrụ, nke bụ isiPetroleum cokenaanumanupitch. Oseihe nwokePetroleum coke, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nchịkọta, na-ejikọ (kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụtemperachona enweghị ikuku) iji wepu ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe ma nwekwuo yakeujunaeletriki echiche. Nke aCols countolem cokea na-echigharị ya ma na-enyocha ya n'ime akụkụ ole akọwapụtara - ndị a bụCoke irighiri.
Ndị a sizedCoke irighirina-agwakọta ya na mmiri mmiriCover Tard Pitch, nke na-eme dị ka aihe nragide, jigideahuọnụ. A na-eme achịcha a na elutemperachoIji hụ na olulu ahụ na-asọ ma kpoo ndị na-eme ihe nke ọma. A na - akpụzi mado ahụ n'ime nnukwu mgbochi, na - abụkarị site na vibro-compaction ma ọ bụ ịpị. "Ndị a" Green "Anisme ka na-emebi emebi. Nzọụkwụ dị oke mkpa na-eme achịcha, ebe a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na nnukwu nri karịa ọtụtụ ụbọchị ruo na okpomọkụ na-adịkarị 1100 Celsius C. Usoro a na-egbu egbu carbobizes na-eme ka ọ gbajiri, na -eme ka ike siri ike, siri ikecarbon carbonigbochi, na draịvasịa ihe ọ bụla na-agbanwe agbanwe. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a ọzọusoro ọgwụgwọdi kammata(kpo oku kari elu dị elu, ~ 2500 Celsius maka ngwa ndị chọrọ iji bulie akụrụngwa, ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ọkọlọtọaluminom ezéna-enye apides ma e jiri ya tụnyere, sịnụ,esemeeeelectrodes maka iji ya.
Kedu ihe bụ akụrụngwa akụrụngwa, ọkachasị mmanụ coke, nke ejiri na mmepụta ihu?
Ogo nke ikpe azucarbon carbonna-ejikọ ọnụ na njiri mara ya. Bụ isiakụrụngwa, na-eme ka 65-75% nke ụlọ akwụkwọ a, bụPetroleum coke. Nke a bụ ntụgharị nke nsị mmanụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụghị naanị nke ọ bụlaPetroleum cokega-ezu. NkeMmepụta Ande, ala-sọlfọ, nke na-enweghị ihe dị ala "ahuihe achọrọ. Ọ ga-ejikọ ike, aokpomọkụhazie nke na-agbanwe ihe owuwu ya, meziwanyeeletriki echichenakeuju, nke dị oke mkpaparamitas maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọmaelectrolysis. Na-agbanwe agbanwe na ịdị ọcha nkeCols countolem cokeọkọnọ bụ isi elekwasị anya maka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na, n'ihi ya, makaaluminomNdị na-emepụta ihe. Mgbanwe nwere ike imetụta arụmọrụ naoririọnụego.
Igodo nke abuoanuahuBụihe nragide, na-abụkarịCover Tard Pitch, na-eme ihe dị ka 15-25% nke mix. A na-enweta olulu a site na distillation nkeanumanu, a na-esikarị ikeunyina-ejigide ụlọ ọrụ nchara. The pitch ga-enwerịrị ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere isi ihe kwesịrị ekwesị, viscosity, uru na-enweghị isiCoke irighiriN'oge agwakọta na-akpụ akpụ, na iji mkpụrụ carbon siri ike mgbe ọ na-achịcha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-agbagharịkwa mkpọchi alode (akụkụ a na-ejighị ya eme ihe) na-ejikọghị ya ma gbakwunyeghachi azụ na ngwakọta ahụ, na-eme ka itinye aka na ngwakọta. Isi mmalite na-agbanwe agbanwe, ịdị eluAhịhịa Carbor dị elu(pitch) naPetroleum cokebụ ọrụ mgbe niile maka ụlọ ọrụ dị ka nke anyị, na-agba mbọ ikpeazụcarbon carbonna-ezute ihe dị egwu.
Ndi sayensi a na akowara: Kedu ka carbon, carbones na-arụ ọrụ na alluminom electrolysis?
Halllọ nzukọ-Héroult bụ isi nkuku nke ọgbara ọhụrụMmepụta aluminom, nacarbon carbondị na ebe ọ na-emeghachi omume. Usoro a na-ewere ọnọdụ na sel electricytic ma ọ bụ "ite." Isi nke sel ahụ nwere ịsa ahụmoulge cristal(Na Nalf₆), na-arụ ọrụ na atemperachogburugburu 950-970 Celsius C.Alimina(Alco₃), wepụtara ya na bauxite ma ọ bụ nke amoltensaa ahụ. Oseihe nwokecarbon carbonA na-egbochi mgbochi na mmiri ahụ site n'elu, ebe ụcha mkpụrụ ndụ, mekwaracarbon ihe(Ọtụtụ mgbeesemeeemgbochi), na-arụ ọrụ dị ka Cathode (na-adịghị mma elektrọde).
Mgbe ikeeletrik dị ugbu a(ọ na - abụkarị ọtụtụ narị puku ndị Amps) site na sel site nacarbon carbonna katalọgụ site namoulge cristal electrolyte,usoro electrolysisbidoro. Etisasirialiminana-akụdaaluminomnaoksigin. Ebubo ebuboaluminomeys na-akwado ndị Katide ahụ, ebe ha na-enweta elektrọn na nkwụnye ego dị ka asịrịMetal Metal(Alk + 3E⁻ → al). N'otu oge, na-adịghị mma boro ebubooksigineons (o²⁻) kwagara nacarbon carbon. N'ebe a,electrochemicalMmeghachi omume na-eme: Theoksiginmeghachi omume na carbon nke ulo. Ihe a na-eme bụ isiCarbon dioxide (CO2), ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụcarbon monoxidena-emepụtakwa dabere na ọnọdụ. Mmeghachi omume dị mfe na mkpọchi bụ: 2O²⁻ + C →CO2+ 4E. Mmeghachi omume a na-ewepụtacarbon carbonIhe, nke nta nke nta wedata ya n'ime mmiri ịsa ahụ ya, nke a na-abụkarị ọtụtụ izu.
Olee ọrụ Coke na-egwu karịa ịbụ ezigbo ihe na aluminom na-eme mkpọtụ?
MgbePetroleum cokebụ isi mmaliteakụrụngwamakacarbon carbonYa onwe ya, mmetụta ya karịrị naanị ịbụ nnukwuihe eji eme ihe. Oseihe nwokeudinammankeahuna-ekwupụta nke ọma na ngụkọta ikpeazụ na arụmọrụ nke mkpọchi n'imeAluminom smeltingsel. Ọdịdị ahụ guzobere mgbe ị na-agbakọ ihe na-emetụta ihe ndị dị oke mkpa dị kaeletriki echiche, Ike Ike, na iweghachiteoksiginnaCO2. KeeluOmumedị mkpa iji belata ike ike (voltaji) n'ofe ebe obibi, na-eme ka arụmọrụ dị iche iche nkeMmepụta aluminomusoro.
Ọzọkwa, naahuIhe owuwu na-emetụta nguzogide ihe mgbochikemekaniikina-emesi ike (njikwa, ujo) nakemikalMwakpo (oxidation site na ikuku naCO2, Mmeghachi omume nammechuihuihe mejupụtara). A na-eji ya nke ọmaịdị mma Dị elu ahuga-enwe alaoririọnụego, nke pụtara na ihe dị ala dị mkpa kwa tonne nkealuminommepụtara. Ọ ga-ewepụta obereyeduena uzuzu, na-enye aka na ite na-eme ka ọ dị nro ma belataesemeokwuma ọ bụ nsogbu na-arụ ọrụ. Ya mere, mgbe ị na-ele anya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka nke afueluIsi mmalite n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, naMmepụta Ande, ahubụ ihe dị oke mma na-ejikọ ihe ndị a na-ejikọtara iji bulie ihe niileAluminom Electrolysisusoro. Ogo ya dabere na arụmọrụ na nkwụsi ike nkeMmepụta aluminom.
Can nwere ike ịkọwa teknụzụ dị n'azụ aluminoysis na ihe oriri?
IsiteknolojinkeMmepụta aluminomna-anọgide na-anọchi anya nzukọ-Héroult, chepụtara onwe ha na 1886. N'ụlọaluminomna-enyo enyoititiitiNnukwu mkpụrụ ndụ electrolytic nke ukwuu, nke ukwuu na-achịkwa nke ọma na usoro ("pollines"). Oseihe nwoketeknolojina-agụnye oke dị elueletiriikiugbu a site na usoro nke sel ndị a. Cell ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ na voltaji dịtụ ala (gburugburu 4-5 volts) ma na-eburu nnukwu ube (100,000 ruo ihe karịrị Amps Amps 500,000). Ike a na-akpọusoro electrolysis, na-eme ka agbụ siri ike naalimina.
Oseihe nwokeoriri nke carbon sodesbụ akụkụ nke ateknoloji. Dị ka akọwara, nacarbon carbonabụghị naanị onye na-eduzi; Ọ bụ ihe na-eme ihe. Oseihe nwokeelectrolysisnaputatuoksiginsite na etisasịwoalimina, na nke aoksiginozugbo meghachi omume na carbon na-ekpo ọkụ nke ụlọ. Product Production bụCarbon dioxide (CO2), na-agba ọkụ nacarbon carbonpụọelectrochemicalike kama ịmịcha ọkụ. Theonetically, na-emepụta 1 n'arọ nkealuminomna-achọ ihe dị ka 0.33 n'arọ carbon. Na omume, n'ihi mmeghachi omume dị ka ikuku na-enwu n'elu elu na mmeghachi omume na-ekpughe naCO2- Mmeghachi omume nke fọdụrụnụ c +CO22co) na ụfọdụ anụ ahụyi nguzogideOkwu, ụgbụoriridị elu, gburugburu 0.40 ruo 0.45 n'arọ nkecarbon carbonKwa n'arọaluminommepụtara. Nke a na-aga n'ihuoririna-ekwere mgbe niilendochinke a, na-emeMmepụta Andeikike dị mkpa nke ọ bụlaaluminomsmelter. Ebumnuche nke mmepe teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu bụ belata ụgbụ aoririỌnụego ya, melite arụmọrụ ugbu a, na iji belata ike.
Kedu ihe na-eme ka ihe dị elu na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka ịkpụcha mmiri?
A ịdị mma Dị elu carbon carbon (Anode dere) A na - akọwapụta site na usoro nke anụ ahụ na kemịkal akọwapụtara maka arụmọrụ nke ọma na kwụsie ikeAluminom smelting. Kedialaelektronguzogide bu ihe di nkpa; Agụụ ga-akpachara nnukwu mmiri na obere voltaji daa iji nweta ike. Ihe siri ikekeujudịkwa oke mkpa - a Dender Corode n'ozuzu pụtara ala na ebe nzuzo, nke na-ebelata mmeghachi omume ikuku naCO2, na-eduga na alaoririọnụego na ogologo ndụ. KeomaIke Ikena ikuku ikuku dị mkpa ijigide njikwa, nrụgide nke ntinye n'ime ọkụmoulge cristalBath, na arụmọrụtemperachoOgba ọsọ na-enweghị mgbaji ma ọ bụ oke.
Ọzọkwa, ịdị ọcha dị mkpa. Mmerụ ahụ naAnode dere, ọkachasị ihe dị ka sọlfọ, silicon, ígwè, vanadium, na nickel si naPetroleum cokema ọ bụCover Tard Pitch, nwere ike ịpụ n'imeachara aluminom, na-emetụta ịdị ọcha na akụrụngwa ya. Obere mmegharị na ikuku naCO2na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-achọsi ike iji belata electrozemicaloriri. Unififinity bụ igodo na-agbanwe agbanwe na mpaghara mgbochi na site na otu olulu ruo na nke ọzọ hụ na ọrụ ọrụ cell ga-eme. Na-enweta nke a agbanwe agbanweịdị mma Dị eluna-achọ ịchịkwa naakụrụngwaNhọrọ,Usoro Nkwadebe Nkwadebe, na nzọụkwụ niile nkeMmepụta Andeusoro. Ndị na-enye ndị ọrụ dị ka ndị a na-elekwasị anya na ọkwa ndị a iji mezuo mkpa ndị chọrọụlọ ọrụ aluminom. Nke anyiArụmọrụ dị elu na-eme ihe eji eme ihena-egosi nkwa a dị mma.
Kedu ihe bụ isi ihe ịma aka na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi carbon na-arụpụta ma jiri ya?
Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị mkpa, mmepụta na ijicarbonEseta ihe ịma aka dị mkpa, karịsịa na mmetụta ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi. Isi Ihe Na-echebaraAluminom ElectrolysisBụoge obulanke ikuku griin haus (,). Mmeghachi omume nkecarbon carbonnaoksiginna-amịpụta nnukwu ọnụọgụ nkeCarbon dioxide (CO2), isiGreen na Green. Maka tonne nkealuminommepụtara, ihe dị ka 1.5 ton nkeCO2na-emepụta site na oluluoriri. Ọzọkwa, n'okpuru ụfọdụ usoro iwe iwe (ntinye uche na-atọ ụtọ), perfeoocarbons (PFCS), enwere ike ibipụta ya. Ikeoririn'onwe ya, nke mepụtara site na fossil ful na ọtụtụ mpaghara, na-eme ka carbon si kwuoakara ukwu.
Oseihe nwokeMmepụta AndeUsoro na-enwekwa akụkụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ikike dị na mmiri nwere ike ịtọpụ mmetọ ma ọ bụrụ na achịkwaghị ya, gụnyere sọlfọ oxides (site na sulfur naahu), nitrogen oxiden, ihe na-abawanye, na classic organic site na ogwe osisi pitch. IlelogoPetroleum cokenaCover Tard Pitchchọrọ nlekọta nlekọta maka ahụike na ihe metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara uzuzu na ogige kemịkalụ dị ka polyclic arocarbons (pahs) na pitch na-agba. Na-agbanwe agbanweakụrụngwaogo, ijikwammefu(dị ka m ga-emegharị), na ịchịkwaessisN'oge ndụ niile dị ndụ na-aga n'ihu makaaluminomụlọ ọrụ. Ọchịchọ nke ihe dị mmayi nguzogidema belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na-aga n'ihu. Okwu dị ka mgbada na-agbada ma ọ bụ ọdịdakorosionma ọ bụNgwongwo nke meberena-anọchi anya ihe ịma aka ọrụ na arụmọrụ na ụgwọ.
Kedu otu teknụzụ ga - esi belata iros na usoro mmepụta aluminom?
Oseihe nwokealuminomIndustrylọ ọrụ na-achụsi ike dị iche icheteknolojiụzọ gaametitateebe obibi yaakara ukwu, ọkachasị, essis. Mgbalị dị ukwuu na-elekwasị anya na imezi arụmọrụ nke ụlọ nzukọ-Héroult n'onwe ya. Njikwa nhazi nke ka mma, akara nke di elu, ma mee ka njikwa ọkụ nwee ikeibudataike dị ka tonne nkealuminom, si na-eme ka ihe na-adịghị ikeessisỌ bụrụ na ike ike bụ mmanụ ọkụ na-adabere. Ekechili ogo (Dị ka electrodes na-egosi na nke a na-eji coke) na-arụ ọrụ, ka ọ ka mmaOmumena alaoririọnụego na-atụnye ụtụ n'inwe ọrụ arụmọrụ. Welie nlekota na usoro njikwa na-enyere aka igbochi nsonaazụ ihe nkiri, yabụ na-ebelata PFCoge obulaihe eji eme ihe. IhumaCO2A na-enyocha ikuku na-egbu egbu, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-enye ihe dị mkpa na teknụzụ na akụ na ụba.
Ihe mgbaru ọsọ dị ogologo oge bụ mmepe nke ihe mgbochiteknoloji. N'adịghị kacarbonnke ahụ bụerichaimepụtaCO2, enernes ga-abụ ezigbo omume eletrik naikwadoNtọhapụ nkeoksigindị ka mmanụ (o2) kama imeghachi onwe ha. Ụlọ ọrụ dị kaAgwuoma(Site na nkwonkwo echiche nke Elysis) na-eme njem na mpaghara a. Ọ bụrụ na ihe ịga nke ọma na azụmahịa na-akwụ ụgwọ, na-enwe ike ịgbanweMmepụta aluminom, na-ewepụ yaCO2 essissite na celltrolysis. Nyocha ndị ọzọ na-enyocha ụzọ ọzọelectrolysisusoro ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụihe ejiji carbonaceusnke ahụ nwere ike inye ndị na - emegharị ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ dị ichekemikalụzọ. Ọganihu na teknụzụ ndị a na-achọBelata ihe niilemmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ma hụ na ọ dị nwayọaluminommmepụta.Ikuku nwere ikeEnwere ike iji teknụzụ ndị a ga-eme n'ọdịnihu.
Kedu ihe ndị ọkachamara na-eweta iwepụta mgbe a na-asọ asọ?
Maka ndị isi na-ewepụta dị ka Mark Thompson, isi iyicarbonNke ọma gụnyere ịdị mma, ọnụ ahịa, na ntụkwasị obi. Nyere na a na-emegharị ahụEriri ya n'oge usoro electrolysis, eriri a pụrụ iche bụ nke na-adịghị mkparịta ụka. Gafere ọnụahịa asọmpi, isi ihe ga-emeỌdịmma. Nke a pụtara inyocha usoro njikwa njirimara nke onye na-eweta ya, site naakụrụngwanyocha (Petroleum coke, Pitch) na nnwale nke ikpeazụ. Na-arịọ na nyocha asambodo (e.G., ISO 9001) na nkọwa zuru ezumgwooruMpempe akwụkwọ nkọwapụta dị oke mkpa. Adịkwala asambodo na ihu; Ghọta usoro nnwale na paramita.
Ịdabere na-agbatịkwu na ndị na-edekọ ya. Izu ike na ụgbọ mmiri ndị Antode nwere ike ịkwụsị usoro mmepụta, na-akpata mfu ego dị ukwuu. Nyochaa ndekọ nke onye na-ebubata maka nnyefe oge na ike ha, ọkachasị maka mbupu mba ụwa gaa na mpaghara dị ka USA ma ọ bụ Europe. Kpochapụ, nkwukọrịta dị mma dịkwa ezigbo mkpa. Na-emeso onye nnọchi anya na ụlọ ọrụ na-eme ihe ozugbo, dị ka onwe m, Allen, site na aỌkachamara na-akọwa ụlọ ọrụ kọmputa, nwere ike ịmalite nyocha na iji dozie nsogbu ngwa ngwa karịa ịga site na ọtụtụ intermediaries. Nkwado nkaka, ọbụlagodi ma ọ bụrụ na onye na-azụ ahịa abụghị injinia, bara uru. Ezigbo onye na-ebubata ya kwesịrị inwe ike ikwurịta ihe nkiri, nsogbu nsogbu metụtara ngwaahịa ha, ma kọwaa etu haAnode dereNjirimara (keuju, Omume, Ike IkeMezie mkpa ọrụ nkwado. N'ikpeazụ, hụ na nke transperent na usoro ịkwụ ụgwọ dị nchebe dị. Na-ewulite mmekọrịta dị ogologo na onye na-emepụta akwụkwọ ozi na-aghọta ihe ndị a chọrọaluminomIndustrylọ ọrụ na-abụkarị atụmatụ kachasị mma.
Taggeways:
- Carbonbụ ihe dị mkpa dị mkpa na Hall-Héroult makaMmepụta aluminom, na-eme ihe dị ka ndị na-eduzi na ndị na-emeghachi omume.
- Mmepụta Andena-agụnye usoro nhaziPetroleum cokenaCover Tard Pitchihe mgbochi, sochiri ya na elu-temperachoIme mmiri.
- Ogo nkengwaọrụ, karịchaaCols countolem coke, guzosie ike na-emetụta arụmọrụ (omume, njupụta, ike, ịdị ọcha) naoririọnụego.
- A na-eri ahịhịa carbonn'ogeelectrolysisdị ka carbon na-emeghachi omumeoksiginsite naalimina, na-eme nke ọmaCO2.
- Na-eji isi ihe dị mmaelektroiguzogide, elukeujukeoru nmaIke Ike, ịdị ọcha dị elu, na obere.
- Isi ihe ịma aka gụnyere ijikwaCO2na ndi ozoessis, umeoriri, ma na-agbanwe agbanwe agbanwe agbanwe agbanwe agbanweakụrụngwaọkọnọ.
- TeknolojiNdabere na-elekwasị anya na imeziwanye arụmọrụ, na-ebelataessis, ma zụlite egwuregwu na-agbanwe agbanwe agbanwe.
- Mgbe ị na-agba mmiri, lekwasị anya na ịdị mma dị mma, na-eweta nrụpụta, nkwukọrịta), nkwukọrịta na-enyocha, nkwado azụmahịa, na azụmahịa ndị transperent.
Oge post: 04-07-2025
