Ke wehe nei i ka mana:ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi Myriad o Myriad of Carbon Mocite a me kāna mau noi Versictive

Kākau lālanihe mea waiwai maoli, he corsestone i nāʻoihana'ē aʻe. E noʻonoʻo pahaʻoe i ka mea e hana ai i kēia mea maikaʻi, e like me nā mea maʻalahi. Maikaʻi, eia kēiaʻatikala maʻaneʻi e hoʻomālamalama i ka mālamalama ma keʻanopōmaikaʻi o ke kiʻi kāleka carbon. ^. Mai kona hiki i kona mau mahana wela i kona mau mea kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa.Kākau lālanihāʻawi i kahi hui pūʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona e hiki i nā mea'ē aʻe ke kūpono. Inā he mea kilokiloʻoʻoe e like me Mark ThompsonKākau lālanike kī. Ma keʻano he meaʻona hale, Allen, hoʻokumuʻia ma Kina me 7 mau laina hana e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i lokoNā lako uila a me nā huahana kiʻi kiʻi, Uaʻike mua wau i keʻano o ka hoʻohanaʻana i kēia mau mea hana. Ke holo aku nei mākou, i USAʻAmelikaʻAmelika,ʻAmelika, a me Australia, a makemake wau e hōʻike i ke kumu eʻimiʻia ai ke kumu o ke kumu o ke kumu. Pono kēiaʻatikala e heluhelu ana no ka mea e hōʻoleʻiaKākau lālani, e wehewehe i kona mau mea waiwai, a hōʻike iāʻoe pehea e hoʻololi ai i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

He aha keʻano o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni a no ke aha ia mea iʻikeʻia ai nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kūikawā?

Kākau lālanihe mea hoihoi a me ka wiwo oleʻano o ka carbon. ^. E noʻonoʻo e like me kahi hoahānau koʻikoʻi e daimana a me ke kapa,ʻo ia hoʻi keʻano o ka carbon. He aha nā hoʻonohonohoKākau lālanihoʻokaʻawale i konaʻano inoino kūikawā. IKākau lālani, nā uila kalaʻulaua hoʻonohonohoʻia i nā papa. Ma loko o kēlā me kēia papa, ua paʻa pū nā atoms i loko o kahi hexagonal (e like me keʻano o ka meli. Eia nō naʻe, ua nui nā mea paʻa ma waena o kēia mau'āpana ʻO kēiaʻano hoʻonohonoho i hunaʻia ma hope o nā mea he nuiPalapala kiʻiʻO ka hapa nui o nā waiwai nui, me kāna mea maikaʻi loaiho ihohiki ke hiki. ʻAʻole hoʻokahi mea hoʻokahi;Kākau lālaniheHoʻohanaʻia nā meai nā noi kiko'ī no kēia hoʻonohonoho kūikawā.

Hanaʻia kēiaʻano hana kūʻokoʻaKākau lālaniHeʻokoʻaNā kiʻi kiʻi Carbon. ^. ʻAʻole like me nāʻano garbon (e like me ka sotoo a iʻole nā ​​mea hana,ʻo ka nele i kahiʻano cristal maikaʻi loa).Kākau lālanihe palapala crystallaline. Ua hāʻawi kēiaʻano crystallian i kona kūpaʻa a me kona hiki ke hana i ka mactined i loko o nāʻano kūpono. Hana pinepine mākou meʻeluakūlohelohe a syntheticPalapala, aka,ʻO ke kiʻi Synthetic,ʻo wai ka mea e hana mua ai mākou i kā mākouʻoihana, hiki i ka mana nui ma luna o ka maʻemaʻe a me ke kūleʻaʻana i muaNā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele. ^. 'Ōlelohiki i keʻano o ke kāʻei carbonE hana ma lalo o nā kūlana koi e hana ai i kahi e hele ai i ke koho no nā mea hana a me nā mea hana honua. He oiaio aNā mea waiwai.

Ka hua'ōlelo "Kākau lālani"Hiki iā ia ke kiʻi i kekahi manawa e pili ana i kahi māhele pālahalaha o nā huahana e pono ai ke kaʻina hana i nā waiwai kiʻi kiʻi. Hoʻomaka pinepineʻia kēia mau mea hanaAmorpuro Carbona laila e kiʻiʻia ma ke kiʻiʻO ka hapalua kiʻekiʻes. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana i kanā uila kalaʻulai loko o keʻano i kauʻia i keʻano o ke kiʻi. Ka hopenaNā kiʻi kiʻi CarbonE hui i ka ikaika o ka carbon me nā hana kūʻokoʻa o ka kiʻi kiʻi o ke kiʻi, e like me ke kiʻekiʻeʻO keʻano o ke kālepa a me ke kālepaa maikaʻi loaʻO nā waiwai. ^. Hana kēia huiKākau lālaniiniha i nā noi i nā mea e like me nā mea e like aimea metas a i oleNā Plasics Engicice nele.

Pehea e hanaʻia ai ke kiʻi carbon i hanaʻia: mai nā mea waiwai e hoʻopau i nā huahana?

Ka huakaʻi oUa hanaʻia nā hiʻohiʻona CarbonʻO kahi kaʻina hana nui, ua hemolele kekahi i nā makahiki i loko o kā mākou mau makahiki he 7. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomakaʻana me nā mea i kohoʻia e koho ponoʻia. ʻO ka mea nui ka mea nui ma muaPetroleum Cokea iʻole ponocokei la, kahi o nāʻano oKālekaʻAʻImaipetroleumKe hoʻohuliʻana a iʻole ke kauʻana i ke kaʻina hana. ʻO kēiacokei laua koho muaʻiaʻo ia - i hāpai i kahiʻO ka hapalua kiʻekiʻei kahioxyengen-freeka mea e wehe ai i ka volatilehydrocarctions a i hāʻawi i nā mea. Ka mea i kohoʻiacokei laa laila e hui pūʻianā powa a me nā mea paʻahoʻohuiʻia.

ʻO keʻano o ka hana koʻikoʻika huiʻana a me ka molding. ^. 'Ōlelocokei laUa huiʻiaʻo Powder me akaulike, pinepine i ka paila bear i ka pitch, e hana ana e like me ka glue e hoʻopaʻa pū i nā'āpana carbon. Ua hanaʻia kēiaʻano hana i loko o keʻano makemakeʻia, kahi kaʻina i kapaʻiahuia iʻole ka extrision. ʻO kēia "Green"ʻokoʻa (e like me ke kāheaʻia ma kēia kahua,ʻikeʻia e like me ka'ōmaʻomaʻo)ʻaʻole naʻeKākau lālani. ^. E hoʻololi iā ia, e hana ana ia i kahi hana koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i kahiʻO ke kaʻina hana oxygen-free. ^. I loko o kēia kauʻana, hiki i nā hebedoma e hiki ai i kekahi mau pule a hiki i nā hopena ma luna o 1000 ° C,kaulikeua hanaʻia a hoʻohuliʻia i lokoKālekaʻAʻI, kahi kaʻina i hoʻolālāʻia icarbione ka mea hoʻopiliA e hana i kahi paʻa o ka carbon-carbon-carbon i keʻano. ʻO kēia hana palaoa he koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻomohalaʻana i ka ikaika mua ake olao ka waiwai.

ʻO ka hope loa, a me ka hapanui pinepine, hana no ka hoʻokumuʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻeʻO ke kiʻi Syntheticke kiʻiʻia. ʻO nā'āpana pale i hoʻomoʻaʻia i nāʻano likeʻoleka mahana kiʻekiʻeS, pinepine ma waena o 2500 ° C a me 3000 ° C. I kēia mau mahana, ka distoreednā uila kalaʻulaI loko o kaʻenehana i hoʻoponopono iā lākou iho ma ka papa kauohaʻo Crystalline i ke kiʻi. Ke hoʻonui nui nei kēia kiʻi kiʻi i ka waiwaiʻO keʻano o ke kālepa a me ke kālepa, ʻO nā waiwai pilikino pono'ī, a me ka paleʻana i ka pīhoihoi i ke karmal. Ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻaʻana, kaKākau lālaniHiki i nā'āpana ke hana i nā mea i hoʻopiliʻia e pololei i nā mea hana kūpono no nā noi kūikawā, e like meNā Koho ULTRA-kiʻekiʻeno nā mea uila uila uila uila uila uila uila. Ka maikaʻi o ka mea muacokei laakaulike, a me ka mana kūpono o ka ukana a me ke kiʻiʻana ma keʻano, he paramika e hana i ka hana kiʻekiʻeKākau lālani.

He aha ka mea e hoʻoikaika ai i nā kiʻi kiʻi a paʻa paha?

Ka ikaika a me ka ikaika oʻO nā waihona kiʻiʻo ka mea maikaʻiʻole, keʻano pololei mai kona hoʻonohonohoʻana i kahi hoʻonohonoho inoino kūʻokoʻa. E like me kaʻu i'ōlelo ai,nā uila kalaʻulai ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i hoʻonohonohoʻia i nā'āpana hexagotal flat hexatal, i wehewehe pinepineʻia e like me nā pale o nā moa moa. I loko o kēia mau'āpana, ua paʻa loa kēlā me kēia kikowaena carbon atom iʻekolu e noho ananā uila kalaʻulama o nā mea paʻa paʻa. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā mea ikaika ikaika loa iʻikeʻia, e hana ana i kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka pohō ikaika a paʻakikī. ʻO kēia ke kumuʻO nā waihona kiʻihiki'Slewakaumaha koʻikoʻi ma keʻano o ka mokulele o kēia mau'āpana.

Eia nō naʻe, e ulu ana ka mea kilokilo maoli i kou noʻonoʻoʻana i nā pūʻalimawaenakēia mau'āpana. Ua paʻa nā'āpanae hui pūʻia e nā mea kūʻai akuʻO nā mea waiwai,ʻo ia ka mea nāwaliwali loa ma mua o nā mea paʻa i loko o nā papa. Hiki paha i kēia e like me ka nāwaliwali, akāʻo ia ke kī nui i ka pono o ke kiʻiʻana, kūikawāiho ihokūlohelohe. ʻOiaiʻo kēia poʻe Weeker Interlayer Bonslayer,ʻo keʻano holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa, ua paʻa loa keʻano holoʻokoʻa,ʻoi loaʻO ka hapalua kiʻekiʻes. ʻAʻole like me nā mea he nuimea metas eʻoluʻolu a i lalo paha,Kākau lālanimālama i kānaʻano hana kūpono a me ka ikaika i nā mahana ma mua o 3000 ° C, hāʻawiʻia ia ma kahioxyengen-freea iʻole e hoʻokaʻawale i ka nohonaʻole e pale aioxiyan.

Hanaʻia kēiaʻano paʻaNā kiʻi kiʻi CarbonKūpono no nā noi e pili ana i ka pīhoihoi o ke aloha a me nā mea kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma nā wahi nui. 'ŌleloʻO ka maʻalahi o ka uku haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻonuiʻanaHāʻawi pū i ka ikaika i kona paʻa;Kākau lālaniʻaʻole e hoʻonui a iʻole nā ​​hana hou me nā loli haʻahaʻa, e hōʻemi ana i nā kaumaha o loko a me ka hopena o ka cracking. ʻO ia ke kumu e like me kā mākouʻO nā poloka PLACK PLACK BLOCKua mahaloʻia ma nāʻoihana e koi ana i nā'āpana paʻa. Ka hui pūʻana o nā mea paʻa paʻa paʻa paʻa a me nā hualoaʻa o nā crystalline crystallineʻO nā waihona kiʻihe paʻakikī a hilinaʻi hoʻi.

Hiki i ke kāʻei Carbon ke hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā mahana wela?

ʻAno loa! Kekahi o nā mea nui loapōmaikaʻi o ke kiʻi kāleka carbonʻo ia ka hiki ke hana kūʻokoʻa e hana ma lalo o nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe,ʻelua kiʻekiʻe a haʻahaʻa loa. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākouʻO ka hapalua kiʻekiʻenā noi,Kākau lālanihe paio. ʻAʻole ia e hoʻoheheʻeʻia ma ka loaʻaʻana o ka atmoshic Ma kahi o nā sublimes (huli pololei i kahi paʻa i kahi hau) ma kahi o 3650 ° C (6602 ° F (6602 ° F). Keia mau meaka mahana kiʻekiʻeʻO ke komoʻana e hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia i nā wahi i kahi o nā mea'ē aʻe, me nā mea he nuimea metaS, e wehe wale ia. No ka manawa, ua hoʻohanaʻia ia i loko o nā lipings furnace, nā mea wela, a me nā mea uē no nā metala molten. Me he mea hana, e hōʻoia mākou i kā mākouNā Kūlana Kiʻi Varbinatsi hoʻolālāʻia'SlewaʻO kēia mau mea Harsh,ʻo ia ka mea nui ke kumuʻo cheel milli mils a me nā mea e hilinaʻi i kā mākou huahana.

ʻAʻole hoʻopau ka moʻolelo me ka wela.Kākau lālaniHana pū kekahi i nā mea'ē aʻeCessogennā kūlana, e pili ana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa. ʻAʻole e like me kekahi mau mea e lilo i brittle a me ka fracture ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa,Kākau lālaniʻIke pinepine pinepine i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka ikaika e like me ka hāʻuleʻana o ka mahana. ʻO kēia ka mea kūpono i nā noi i nā noi ma Aerospace, e like me nā mea i lokoBokey Boosternā nozzles e hōʻikeʻia i nā wahi he nui e like aiwai oxygen, a a laila e wela nui ma luna o ka hoʻopāʻana. Hiki iā ia ke hana maikaʻi mawela e like me ka haʻahaʻaas -200 ° C (-328 ° F) a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻaNā Kūlana Cryogenic. ^. ʻO kēialaulā ākea ākeao ka hana, maiCessogenE kiʻi i ka wela wela, he mea hōʻike i keʻano o keʻano inomicKākau lālani. ^. Kona hiki i'SlewaʻO kēlā mau kaumahaʻinoʻole me kaʻole o ka degradation he mea hoʻokele koʻikoʻi no kāna hoʻohanaʻana i nā hana e koi ai i nāʻoihana.

E noʻonoʻo e pili ana iā ia: nā mea waiwai no nā mea he nui e pono ai e lawelawe i nā metala molten me kaʻole e hana a iʻole ka hanaʻana. ʻO kā mākouʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke kiʻiʻana i ke kiʻiʻO nā huahana kahi hiʻohiʻona kūpono o ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i kēia waiwai. 'Ōlelopalena pihano kaKākau lālaniI loko o kahi oxidizezing marvissionre ka haʻahaʻa, maʻamau a puni 450-500 ° C (842-932 ° F), no ka meaoxycongene hana me kaKālekaʻAʻIe hana i ka carbon dioxide (oxidation). Eia nō naʻe, i loko o ka pilikia a hōʻemi paha i nā lewa, a iʻole ma kahi hakahaka,ka mahana kiʻekiʻehanaʻole ka hana. ʻO ia ke kumu o keʻano o ke kaiāulu he noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi.

Pehea e hana ai i keʻano o keʻano o ka mīkini kiʻi kiʻi maikaʻi loa o ka carbon?

'Ōleloiho ihoonaʻano o kaKākau lālaniʻo ia kekahi o kāna mau hiʻohiʻona kaulana loa a me kahi pōmaikaʻi nui no ka mīkini. Hele mai kēia waiwai mai konaʻano i hōʻikeʻia i keʻano atomic. E like me ka mea i'ōleloʻia, ua ikaika nā mea paʻa i loko o nā kikowaena helu helu, akā o nā palemawaenaʻO nā papa hana (van des was i nāwaliwali) nāwaliwali. ʻO kēia ke kumu e hiki ai i nā papa ke holo maʻalahi i kēlā me kēia me ka ikaika liʻiliʻi loa, e like me ka deck o nā kāleka. I ka waKākau lālanihoʻohanaʻia e like melawe mauOolekuai traalE hana, e hāʻawi ana kēia hana i kahi hana kūlohelohe, kūkuluʻialubricant. ^. ʻO kēia keʻano o nā mea āpaui hanaʻia mai nā hiʻohiʻona carbonhiki ke hana maikaʻiʻole me kaʻole o ka pono o nā aila a iʻole nā ​​mea kanu paha, he mea kūponoʻole i nā noi i hikiʻole ai ke loli.

ʻO kēiaʻO ka hiki i ka mana ihoHāʻawi i nā mea pono i kekahi mau hana i nā'ōnaehana mīkini. Mua, hiki ia iaholo maloʻohiki ke hiki. Hiki i nā mīkini ke hana i nā lubricants waiʻole,ʻo ia ka mea nui i nā noi a iʻole he mea haʻahaʻa a iʻole nā ​​mea e pili ana i nā lubricants. He lua,Palapala Waihona Kūponoakuai traals hiki ke hana i nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe a me nā wela ma mua o nā lubricated nuimea metanā'āpana no kalubricarighti loko o ka mea i loko o ka mea pono'ī aʻaʻole e wāwahi. 'ŌleloʻO nā waiwai pilikino pono'īʻO ka manaʻo e hoʻemiʻia i ka friction a me nā lole, e alakaʻi ana i ke ola lōʻihi a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻIke pinepine mākou mai nā mea kūʻai aku mai nā mea kūʻai aku, e like me Mark Thompson

Eia kekahi, no ka meaʻO ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi pono'ī, he koho maikaʻi loa ia no nā noi i kahi e paʻakikī ai ke komoʻana i ka hōʻoiaʻana. E noʻonoʻo e pili ana i nā pumps e hāʻawi ana i nā wai corrostive corrosive, a iʻole hikiʻolelawe maus i loko o kahi mīkini paʻakikī. 'ŌleloʻO nā hiʻohiʻona pilikino pono'īE hōʻoia i ka hana maʻamau ma luna o kahi manawa lōʻihi. Ka pono o keiaʻO ka Lubrication ihohiki ke hoʻonuiʻia ma o ke kohoʻana i nā kiko'īNā helu o nā hiʻohiʻona CarbonA, inā he pono, ma ka hoʻopiliʻana i nā libricesʻelua i loko o ka kiʻiPotiwaleI ka wā hana (ʻoiai heʻokoʻa kēia mai ka koiʻana i ka lubrication waho i ka wā o ka hana). Keialubricarighthe pāʻani-senter-senter no nā paʻakikī o nāʻenehana.

He aha nā pōmaikaʻi o ka electrical

Kākau lālanihe kumu hana maikaʻi loa o ka uila a me ka wela, aʻo kēia mau mea pili i waena o ke kīpōmaikaʻi o ke kiʻi kāleka carboni mea e waiwai nui ai. Kona electrical maikaʻike olanā kumu mai nā koho balota delocalized i loko o kānaʻano inomic i kauʻia. ʻAʻole paʻa kēia mau electrons i kēlā me kēia kanakanā uila kalaʻulaa he manuahi e neʻe ai i nā papa i ka wā e hoʻopiliʻia ai kahi voltage uila. Hana kēiaKākau lālaniʻO kahi koho kaulana loa no nā noi uila e like me nā electromdes e like me nā mea e hana ai nā mea hana uila 'Ōleloke olahiki ke hoʻopaʻaʻia ma o ka paleʻana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ka momona, a me ke mele mele o kaʻO nā waihona kiʻi.

Penei,Kākau lālanihōʻike aike alakaʻiʻana i ka thermal. ^. Nā leo o nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻianā uila kalaʻulai loko o nā papa i hiki ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu i ka ikehu. ʻO kēia ka mea e hiki koke ai i ka wela ke alakaʻiʻia mai nā wahi wela, pale aku i ka paleʻana i ke kaumaha a me ke kaumaha. He mea nui kēia waiwai i nā noi e like me nā mea kālepa, nā mea wela wela e pili ana i nā uila 'ŌleloʻO keʻano o ke kālepa a me ke kālepanoKākau lālanipinepine pinepine i nā mea he nuimea metaS, nui loa i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ana i kona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. No ka laʻana,ʻo kaKa HōʻaʻO Kokuakekahi mauNā helu o nā hiʻohiʻona Carbonhiki ke kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o nā keleawe a iʻole alumini paha ma kahi kumu nui.

Kēia hui pūʻana omaikaʻi maikaʻia me nā waiwai uila e hana aiKākau lālanikūpono kūpono no ka nui o nā noi noi. No ka laʻana, ma nā mea uila uila a me nā mea uila'Slewaua uluʻia ka wela wela. ʻO kā mākouʻO ka hana kiʻekiʻe mua i hoʻopaʻaʻia i ka poloka carbonKe alualu nei hoʻi i kēia mau waiwai hana. 'Ōlelothermal a me ka electricalhana, hanaʻia me kānaka mahana kiʻekiʻeʻO ka paʻaʻana a me ka manikini, hanaKākau lālanikahi mea waiwai i loko o kaʻenehana o kēia lā.

No ke aha keʻano o ka carbon cractite chectite e kū'ē i kahi pono nui?

Palapala kiʻiʻO keʻano o ke kūleʻa he cornerstrene kekahi o kāna pono a me kahi pono nui i nā pae hana he nui. Nui,ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona Carbon kahi huahanaloahui pu, keʻanoʻoleʻole e like me ka nui o nā mea kanu. ʻO kēia ka mea e kū nui loa aiKuupuiawia me ka hoʻouka kauaʻana mai kahi ākea ākea, alkalis, consvents, a moltenmea metas. Heʻoiaʻiʻo nō kēia no nā maʻi maʻi non -xidizing a me nā mea nui loa. ʻO kēia mau mea aloha ma muli o nā mea ikaika ikaika ma waenanā uila kalaʻulaI loko o nā'āpana kiʻi, kahi paʻakikī no nā lole he nui e wāwahi ai.

ʻO kēiaʻokake kū'ē kū'ēaeiaNā'āpana kiʻi kiʻi i nā Carbone hoʻohanaʻia ma nā wahi i loaʻa koke nā huahana'ē aʻe. ʻo kahi laʻana,Kākau lālanihoʻohanaʻia nonā maka kai, Pump i nā'āpana, a me nā'ōnaehana kīwī e mālama ai i nāʻano hana hoʻohālikelike a iʻole nā ​​colortive ʻAʻole like me nā mea he nuimea metas hikikumu o ka corrosiona iʻole e hoʻopiliʻia e nā mea e hoʻopili ai lākou me,Kākau lālaniE waiho pinepineʻia e hoʻopaʻaʻia, e hōʻoia ana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o nā pāpā i hanaʻia a me ka lōʻihi o nā lako hana. Aia kekahi mau mea i koe; ikaika ikaika e like me ka mea e like me ka mana nitric a iʻolehydroflutoricHiki i ka ACID ma nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe ke hiki i ke kiʻi hoʻokipa, a hiki i ka mollity alkalipili(Hoʻokomo iā lākou iho) ma waena o nā papa kiʻi kiʻi. Eia nō naʻe, no kahi hapa nui o nā mea hoʻohālikelike o nāʻoihanaʻoihana.Hāʻawi nā kiʻi kiʻi Carbonkū kū'ē maikaʻi.

Ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o kaNā kiʻi kiʻi Carbone pāʻani pū kekahi i kahi hana i loko o kāna paleʻana o konaʻano. ʻO nā helu kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā mea a mākou e hoʻoikaika ai e hana ai, e hōʻike ana i kaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka mea e like me nā mea e like me nā mea e like me nā mea e like me nā mea e hana ai i nā mea e pono ai. Hana kēia i nā huahana e like me kā mākouʻO ka lāʻau kiʻekiʻe 99.9% pahu pahu pahuwaiwai no nā noi i kahi o nā mea e pili ana i keʻano o keʻano he paramika. Ka hiki ke'SlewaʻO nā wahi kaʻa e nā mea i unuhiʻia me kaʻole o ka degradation i hoʻonuiʻia e hoʻonui i ka hilinaʻi, a me nāʻoihana koʻikoʻi no kā mākou mea kūʻai aku, a me nāʻoihana koʻikoʻi.

He aha ka mea i hoʻohālikelikeʻia a pehea e hoʻonui ai i nā waiwai carbon carbon?

Impregnationhe kaʻina hanaʻelua i hoʻopili pinepineʻiaKākau lālaniE hoʻonui i kānaNā Pūnaewele Pūnaewelea holo aku ia no nā noi kūikawā. E like me ka hanaʻana,Kākau lālaniʻO ke kūlohelohe maoli kekahi pae oPotiwale-ʻO nā mea i halaʻoleʻia i loko o kānaʻano. Oiai keiaLoaʻa i nā poosity i loaʻahiki ke loaʻa i kahi mea noioxiyanpono.Impregnationpili i ka hoʻopihaʻana i kēiaPotiwaleme kekahi mea hou aku, eʻikeʻia heimpregnant.

Ke koho oimpregnanthilinaʻi i ka hopena i makemakeʻia. Hoʻohui i nā mea maʻamauKākoʻos (e like me nā phenolic a iʻole nā ​​epoxs resins),mea metas (e like me ka male antimy, keleawe, a iʻole ke kālā), paʻakai, a iʻole nāʻano'ē aʻe o ka carbon. ʻo kahi laʻana,impregnationmeKākoʻohiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka ikaika o ka mīkini, paʻakikī, a me ka wikiwikiʻole o kaKākau lālani, e kūpono ia no ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻekuai traalnā noi.Pākuʻiʻia me kaʻutreegnationhiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka electrical aKa HōʻaʻO Kokua, E hoʻonui i ka ikaika, a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā pale kupu. Male annimonyimpregnation, no ka mea, ua hoʻohana pinepineʻia noPalapala Waihona Kūponoe hana ana i nā kūlana paʻakikī. 'Ōleloʻano o ka hoʻopiliʻanaHoʻopilikia kālā kālā i nāʻano o ke kumuNā kiʻi kiʻi Carbon.

Ke kaʻina oimpregnatione hoʻopili maʻamau i ka waihoʻana i ka pohōNā Kūlana Kiʻi VarbinatsI loko o kahi keʻena hoʻomaha hoʻomaha e wehe i ka ea mai nā poʻi, a laila e hōʻike ana i ka waiimpregnant(e.g., moltenmea metaa iʻole waiKākoʻo) ma lalo o ke kaomi e koi ai i loko o nā leo. NA MEAimpregnation, e koiʻia kahi'āpana a iʻole ka hanaʻana i nā hana no nā mea likeKākoʻos. Ma ke koho ponoʻana i ke kumuʻO ka papa o ke kāʻei CarbonA me kaimpregnant, e like nā mea hana e hiki ai iā mākou ke hana i kahi ākea ākea oNā'āpana kiʻi kiʻi i nā Carbonme nā waiwai maʻamau e hālāwai ai i nā koi kūpono loa, e like me ke kū'ēʻana ioxiyana hoʻonuiʻia pahaʻO nā hiʻohiʻona pilikino pono'īma lalo o nā ukana kūikawā. Eʻae iā mākouimpregnateka mea e hoʻonui ai iā ia no kona hoʻohanaʻana, mai ka noiʻananā maka kaie robustlawe maupapa. Keia hiki iimpregnatehoʻohui i kahi'āpana'ē aʻe o ke kūʻokoʻaKākau lālani.

Aia i hea ke kiʻi carbon i hoʻohanaʻia? ʻO kaʻimiʻana i nā noi ma nā wahi e pili ana i nā mea kūʻai aku i nā boosters rocket.

ʻO ka hui kūʻokoʻa o nā waiwai i hāʻawiʻia eKākau lālanihana ia he mea i loaʻaʻoleHoʻohanaʻia nā meama waena o kahi pālahalaha ākea ākea a me nā noi. Iaiho ihohana maikaʻi loa noPalapala Waihona Kūpono, nā māla, akuai traalS, iʻole nā ​​kūlana i kahi e pau ai nā lubricants i nā lubricants, e like meʻO ka hapalua kiʻekiʻes, i lokoNā Kūlana Cryogenic, a iʻole ma nā wahi likeʻole. ʻO kēia mau'āpana he nui i loko o nā pumps, nā mea hoʻohālikelike, nā turbines, a me nāʻano hana likeʻole, e hōʻoia ana i ka hana hana a me ka lōʻihi o ka hana ma mua. Ka hiki noholo maloʻohe mea nui a pluge plus ma aneʻi.

I ka waiwai oka mahana kiʻekiʻenā noi,Kākau lālaniEʻoluʻolu maoli. Ua hoʻohana pinepineʻia ma ka metallirgy a me nā loaʻa no nā crucibles (e like me kā mākouʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke kiʻiʻana i ke kiʻi), nā mollds, a me nā lincy linding ma muli o kona hiki ke'SlewaʻO ka wela wela a me ka pīhoihoi. ʻO nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi i nā mea iʻoi aku ka maʻamau o nā mea he nui. Ke hilinaʻi nui nei kaʻoihanaʻo AerpaceKākau lālani, kūikawā no nā'āpana e like meBokey BoosterʻO nā nozzles a me ka ihu o ka ihu no nā missiles, kahi e pono ai nā mea e pono ai nāʻano kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea e pili ana i ka hana. Ua hui pūʻia kona mau haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻonui i nā moho kiʻekiʻe.

Ke iho kēia manawa,ʻo ka Electricalke olanoKākau lālanialakaʻi i kona hoʻohanaʻana i nā electrodes no nā furnants electric (kahi huahana nui no ka US), nā kaʻina hana elemillynā poloka), a me ka bush mau no nā mea hoʻokele uila a me nā mea hana. Hoʻohanaʻia ia ma nā pākeke, nā wahie feel, a ma keʻano he moderator ma nā mea hana nukle. Ka maikaiNā'āpana pepaHiki iā mākou ke hana i nā lubricants, nā lole lole, a me he mea e like me keʻano o nā huahana carliot. Mai ka intricatenā maka kaiKe pale nei i nā leakas i nā koi e koi i nā pumps emps i nā electrodes endordes ending i nā mea kila, nā noi oKākau lālanihe mea nui loa a hoʻonui pinepineʻia e like me nā meaʻenehana eʻike i nā ala hou e hoʻohana ai i kaʻokoʻapōmaikaʻi o ke kiʻi kāleka carbon.

No nā mea kūʻai aku e like me Mark

No nā luna hoʻomalu e like me Mark Thompson,ʻo ia ke kuleana no ka hoʻohanaʻanaNā koho kiʻi a me nā huahana pilino kā lākou hui, hoʻomaopopo i ka corepōmaikaʻi o ke kiʻi kāleka carbonhe mea nui no ka hanaʻana i nā hoʻoholo kūʻaiʻana. ʻO Mark, keʻano o ka maikaʻi o ka maikaʻi, eʻimi ana i nā kumukūʻai hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū, pono e kaulike i ke kumukūʻai me ka hana. Loaʻa nā pōmaikaʻi mua i ka hoʻopiliʻana:

• Hana ma lalo o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi:Ka hiki oKākau lālanie mālama i kona kūpaʻa a me nā waiwai i ka nuiʻO ka hapalua kiʻekiʻes (a me kekahiCessogenʻo nā mea) he wahi kūʻai nui loa. ʻO kēia ka mea e lōʻihi ana i ke ola no nā'āpana e like me nā uila ma nā milla Nuke, e hōʻemi ana i ka emiʻana a me ka hoʻololiʻana.
• ʻO nā waiwai pilikino pono'ī:No nā noi e pili ana i nā'āpana e like meKāheleOolekuai traals, kaiho ihoNature oKākau lālaniunuhi i ka mālama haʻahaʻa,ʻaʻohe pono no nā'ōnaehana librication o waho (e hōʻemi i ka paʻakikī a me ka hana kūpono. ʻO kēia kahi uku uku kūpono a me ka mālama ponoʻana.
• E kapela ma mua:I nāʻoihana hana e pili ana i nā mea kanu noʻonoʻo,ʻo ka maikaʻi loake kū'ē kū'ēnoKākau lālanipale aku i ka hikiʻole o ka hanaʻole o nā'āpana Hāʻawi kēia i ka palekana a hōʻemi i nā mea waiwai.
• KA MANAO O KA OIHANA:No nā noi e like me nā mea uila a iʻole nā ​​mea kālepa wela, ke kumu nuike olanoKākau lālanie hōʻoia i ka hoʻohana ikaika ikaikaʻana, hiki i nā mea e alakaʻi i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka wikiwiki wikiwiki. Ka maikaʻi o kaʻO nā waihona kiʻihana kūpono kūpono i kēia hana.

Māka, like nā mea kūʻai aku he nui, mau mea kūʻai pinepine, nā kumu maʻamau mai ka hoʻomohalaʻana i nā'āina e like me Kina a me Vietnam. No laila,ʻoiai nā mea i loaʻaʻole oKākau lālaninani, ponoʻo ia e hōʻoia e hiki i ka mea hāʻawi ke hāʻawi pinepine i kēia mau pono. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hoʻopiliʻana i ka mana o ka mea kūʻai aku ma luna o ke kaʻina hana hana, mai ka koho kohoPetroleum Cokeakaulike) i ka kiʻi hope loa a me ka machining. Ka hana oNā helu o nā hiʻohiʻona Carbonis paramika. Ke kōkua nei i nā pono o kēia mau pono e pono ai e hōʻoia i ka waiwai kālā ma ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻehuahana kiʻi kālā Carbon, e like me kā lākou hana ponoʻana i ka hana, nā uku mālama, a me nā mea kūpono no kāna mea kūʻai aku

ʻO ka'ōleloʻana i nā hopohopo maʻamau:ʻO ka maikaʻi, nā hōʻoia, a me nā logistics no nā huahana kāleka kāleka

Ke kūʻaiʻanaKākau lālaniʻO nā huahana, no nā noi koʻikoʻi, nā mea kūʻai aku e like me nā mea kūʻai aku e like me Mark Thompson eʻike mau ai nā hopohopo nui. Ma keʻano he meaʻona hale, Allen, ua komo wau i nā kūkākūkā nui e pili ana i kēia mau'ōlelo. ʻO ka nānāʻana, nā hōʻoia kūpono, nā loiloi kūpono, kūponoʻole, a me nā ala uku e hoʻopaʻaʻia ma ka mua. ʻO nā kiʻi hōʻehaʻeha o Mark

ʻO ka nānāʻana a me nā hōʻoia.
He Paramount kēia. Pono nā mea kūʻai aku i nā'ōnaehana mana o ka mana o ka honua. E pili ana i kēia:

• Nā Kūlana Kūʻai:Hōʻoia i kaPetroleum Coke, kaulike, a me nā mea hana'ē aʻe e hoʻokō i nā kiko'ī kiko'ī.
• In-Keʻaʻike:Ka nānāʻana i nā'āpana koʻikoʻi i ka wāhui, ka mea, i ka hana, a me ke kiʻi.
• ʻO ka ho'āʻoʻana i ka huahana hope loa:HōʻoiaNā Pūnaewele PūnaeweleE like me ke ikaika, ikaika, ikaika,ʻaʻohe makaztio, a me lehu ho'ōho i kū'ē ai i nā kūpaʻa.
  Nā hōʻoia e like me iso 9001 kahi hoʻomaka hoʻomakaʻana, akā i nā mea hōʻoia a me nā mea hōʻike kiko'ī a iʻole nā ​​hōʻike hōʻike hōʻike kiko'īNā helu o nā hiʻohiʻona CarbonʻO nā electrodes)ʻoi aku ka nui. Hāʻawi mau mākou i nā kiʻi kiko'ī kiko'ī kiko'ī a weheʻia i nāʻano hanaʻekolu. Hoʻomaopopo mākou i ka huhū o ka palapala palapala hōʻoia a hōʻoia i ko mākou palapala āpau a hōʻoiaʻiʻoʻia ko mākou palapala āpau a hōʻoiaʻiʻoʻia. Ke Kōleʻa, kā mākouNā Kōkuhi UHP Kiʻihele mai me nā hōʻike hōʻike hōʻike hōʻike.

Logistics and kamaʻilio:
Hiki i nā mea hoʻouna e hiki ke loaʻa nā hana hana cripple. E pili pono i ka hoʻokele loiloi kūpono:

• ʻO nā manawa alakaʻi maoli:Ka hoʻolakoʻana i nā koho kūpono mai ka wā e ulu ai.
• Nā Kūlana Robus:E hōʻoia ana i nā huahana e like me ka leʻaleʻaNā Kūlana Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻai no nā mea uilaa iʻole e paleʻia nā electrodes nui i ka wā transit.
• Nā hoa hana palekana:Ka hanaʻana me nā laina hoʻounaʻike a me nā mua.
• Ke kamaʻilioʻana:ʻO ka mālamaʻana i ka mea kūʻai aku i hōʻikeʻia e pili ana i ke kūlana o ka hoʻounaʻana. Hāʻawi mākou i nāʻelele kūʻai aku i hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻia e kamaʻilio maʻalahi a kūpono hoʻi, e hāʻawi ana i nā mea hou a me ka paneʻana i nā nīnau. Kōkua kēia i ka paleʻana i ka hōʻailonaʻeha i haʻiʻia e pili ana i ka kamaʻilioʻana. Maopopo iā mākou keʻike i ka maka o ke kūʻai aku,ʻaʻole paha eʻaeʻo ia i ka loea loea, no laila ua mākaukau kā mākou hui

Nā Kūlana uku:
He mea nui nāʻano uku uku a palekana i nā kālepa no ke kālepa honua. Hāʻawi mākou i nā koho likeʻole, me nā leka o ka hōʻai'ē (L / C)

Ma ka haʻiʻana i kēia mau mea e hopohopo nei, e manaʻo mākou e kūkulu i ka hilinaʻi lōʻihi me nā mea kūʻai aku me nā mea kūʻai aku e like me Mark. ʻO kā mākouʻike ma kahiʻoihana me 7 mau laina hana a me kahi palapala hōʻike ikaika i ka US,ʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa a me ka hilinaʻi ma kaKākau lālaniʻoihana.

ʻO nā hale kīwina:ʻO ka waiwai nui o keʻano carbon

Kākau lālaniʻoi aku kaʻoi aku ma mua o kahi mea maʻalahi maʻalahi. ʻO kona mau waiwai kūʻokoʻa e hana ai i kahi mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i nāʻenehana likeʻole. Eia kahi wikiwiki wikiwiki o ke kumu he waiwai nui ia:

• Ke kūʻana o keʻano kūlike:Hana kūpono i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a kiʻekiʻe loaCessogenmahana ma kahi o nā mea'ē aʻe.
• I lokoHoʻemi i ka friction a me nā lole i loko o ka neʻeʻana i nā'āpana me kaʻole o nā lubrices waho, kūpono noholo maloʻonā noi a me ka mālamaʻana i ka mālamaʻana.
• KA MANANA:KūponoʻO keʻano o ke kālepa a me ke kālepaE hana iā ia no nā'ōnaehana uila, nā uila, a me ka hoʻokele waiwai.
• ʻO ka paleʻana i keʻano comenthience:Loahui pua me ke koenaKuupuiawimai ka hapa nui loa, e hōʻoia ana i ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi i nā wahi harsh.
• ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo ma o ka hanaʻana:Hiki ke hoʻopaʻaʻia nā waiwai ma o nā kaʻina hanaimpregnation(meKākoʻoOolemea meta) a me ka kāohiʻana i kaNā helu o nā hiʻohiʻona Carbonua hanaʻia mai nā mea e likePetroleum Cokeakaulike.
• Ikaika a me ka paakiki:ʻO nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia i loko o nā papa lole a me kahi hoʻolālā crystalline kūpono e hāʻawiʻia i kāna hana mechanical
• Laulā ākea o nā noi:Maikuai traalS aKāheleiBokey Boosternā'āpana a me nā mea kūʻai nui loa i kohoʻia,Hoʻohanaʻia ka kiʻi Carbonwahi a pau.

E like me Allen, mai kahi alakaʻiʻO ka Hale Kiʻi Kūʻai Kūʻai KūʻaiMa Kina, ua hōʻike wau i ka mana o kaKākau lālanima waena o nāʻoihana. No nā mea kūʻai aku e like me Mark Thompson a me nā Hui Aupunipōmaikaʻi o ke kiʻi kāleka carbonke kī e hoʻolimalima i kona piha piha piha no ka pono kūpono, hilinaʻi, a me ka kānalua. Ua hana mākou i ka hāʻawiʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻeKākau lālaniNā hopena e hoʻokō ai i kēia mau kaha a me nā pono koi.